zonder Dutch · revision 37223

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *sunder}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈzɔn.dər/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''zonder'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|sonder]], [[inh|odt|sunder]], [[inh|gem-pro|*sunder|t=apart, separately]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler ANFRK) The same word is [[osx|sundar|t=separate]], [[goh|suntar|t=apart, separate, but]] (German [[m|de|sonder-]] in compounds, and [[m|de|sondern|t=but]]), [[ofs|sunder|t=without, except]], [[ang|sundor|t=apart]] (modern [[en|asunder]]), [[non|sundr|t=asunder]] and [[got|𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉|tr=sundro|t=apart, alone]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Its first meaning was “apart, separate”, which is still clear in [[afzonderen]] and [[uitzonderen]].^(EWN)^(Vercoullie 1925)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ Outside Germanic the closest match is [[grc|ἄτερ|tr=áter|t=without]], from [[ine-pro|*sn̥tér]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The root [[m|ine-pro|*sen-|t=apart]] is also in [[sa|सनुतर्|tr=sanutár|t=aside, far away]], and without the ⟨t⟩ suffix in [[la|sine|t=without]], [[ae|hanarə|t=without]] and [[sga|sain|t=different, special]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Wiktionary) The Philippa dictionary also allows a derivation of the Germanic and Greek forms from [[m|ine-pro|*sm̥-tero-]], a comparative of the root for “one”, which Franck–Van Wijk thought less likely.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word first appears in the Old Dutch Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century: ''sunder saca gerihtoda ik herta min'', “without cause I justified my heart”.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In 1236 a charter from Ghent blesses those who keep it ''sonder ende'', “without end”, and the same text uses ''sonder'' as a conjunction meaning “except”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used ''sonder'' as a preposition, as a conjunction “except, unless” and, like German ''sondern'', as “but, on the contrary”.^(VMNW)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The construction with ''te'' and an infinitive is already in the Ghent text of 1236: striking one's neighbour ''sonder bluod te stortene'', without shedding blood.^(VMNW) A Limburg glossary of 1240 renders Latin ''impubes'' as ''sunder bart'', “beardless”.^(VMNW) From the old adjectival use came ''niet zonders'' “nothing special” (1578), now regional in North Holland and West Friesland.^(WNT)

+

+ Dutch passed the preposition on to Indonesian (''sonder'', ''zonder''), many local varieties of Malay, Javanese and Sranan Tongo (''sondro''), as well as to Negerhollands and Berbice Dutch.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''sunder'' “without” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1236 – ''Sonder ende'' “without end” and ''sonder'' “except” in a Ghent charter.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – ''Sunder bart'' “beardless” in a Limburg glossary.^(VMNW)

+ * 1254 – A Middelburg ordinance on going armed ''zonder ghelede'', without an escort.^(VMNW)

+ * 1578 – ''Niet sonders'' “nothing special”.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|without]]: expressing that something is absent or lacking: ''koffie zonder suiker''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Not having, not in possession of: ''zonder geld zitten''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Without the involvement of, outside: ''zonder mij werd er beslist''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Before an infinitive with ''te'': without doing: ''hij vertrok zonder te groeten''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(conjunction, with dat)'' Without the thing in the clause happening: ''zij ging weg zonder dat iemand het zag''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[zonderling]]

+ * [[afzonderen]]

+ * [[uitzonderen]]

+ * [[uitzondering]]

+ * [[bijzonder]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|asunder]]

+ * [[en|sunder]]

+ * [[de|sondern]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Fixed phrases include ''zonder gekheid'' “seriously, joking apart” and ''zonder pardon'' “without mercy”.^(Van Dale 2014) The Middle Dutch ''sonder'' “sinner” is a different word, a form of [[zondaar]] that was lost after the 17th century.^(MNW)^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}