geleden Dutch · revision 37219

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1285, Middle Dutch (Rijmbijbel, as leden)|origins=dum lîden}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɣə.ˈleː.də(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''geleden'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Poets also contract it to ''geleên''.^(WNT) Wiktionary lists the spellings ''gelee'', ''geleê'' and ''gelêe''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|gheleden]], in origin the past participle of the Middle Dutch verb [[m|dum|lîden|t=to go by, pass]], which is modern [[lijden]] in a sense it has since lost.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) Literally it means “gone by”, and it is said of something that happened earlier, always with an expression of how much time has passed.^(EWN)^(WNT) The older meaning of the verb still shows in [[overlijden]] “to pass over (to the other world)”, in [[jongstleden]] and in [[verleden]].^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ The participle has the prefix ⟨ge-⟩ and the ending ⟨-en⟩, with the vowel /eː/ of the past forms beside the /ɛi/ of the present ⟨lijden⟩.^(WikiWoordenboek) Early Middle Dutch used the participle without the prefix, as [[m|dum|leden]].^(EWN)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The oldest record has the form without the prefix: the Rijmbijbel of 1285 says ''hets leden .xlv. jaer dat God dat seide'', “it is 45 years ago that God said that”.^(EWN) The modern form follows in a text of 1361–1425, ''hij wiste dattet zes jaren gheleden waer'', “he knew that it was six years ago”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word has kept one meaning throughout: it marks the time that has passed since an event.^(EWN)^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014) At first it was used in the clause ''het is … geleden (dat …)'', “it is … ago (that …)”, with ''het'' standing for the event or for a following clause introduced by ''dat''.^(WNT) From this clause the participle came to be used alone after a time expression, as a shortened clause attached to the main sentence: a poem of 1846 says ''Ruim vijfmaal honderd jaar geleên'', “more than five hundred years ago”.^(WNT)

+

+ In the 17th century ''geleden'' could also stand before a noun, in the sense “past, elapsed”, as ''den gheleden tijdt'' “the time gone by”, a use that has passed to [[verleden]].^(WNT) The old phrase ''’t en is als niet geleden'', “it is as good as no time ago”, is recorded in 1635 and is now obsolete.^(WNT) Jersey Dutch had ''xjelêde''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1285 – The Rijmbijbel has ''hets leden .xlv. jaer'', “it is 45 years ago”, with the form without ⟨ge-⟩.^(EWN)

+ * 1361–1425 – The prefixed form ''gheleden'' is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1635 – The phrase ''’t en is als niet geleden'', “it is hardly any time ago”, appears.^(WNT)

+ * 1807 – ''Kort geleden'' “a short time ago, recently” is recorded.^(WNT)

+ * 1846 – The contracted poetic form ''geleên'' is used after a time expression standing alone.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # (predicative, after a time expression) [[m|en|ago]], before now: ''Hij verhuisde vier jaar geleden naar Utrecht.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(het is … geleden)'' it is (a certain time) since: ''Het is weken geleden dat ik haar zag.''^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[lijden]]

+ * [[verleden]]

+ * [[overlijden]]

+ * [[jongstleden]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Kort geleden'' means “recently” and ''lang geleden'' “long ago”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT) After the event itself, ''geleden'' is used with ''zijn'': ''de slag bij Waterloo is lang geleden''.^(WNT) [[verleden|alt=Verleden]] is used in the same way before a noun (''verleden week''), which ''geleden'' no longer is.^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}