doden Dutch · revision 37215

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1237, Middle Dutch (Ghent)|origins=gem-pro *daudaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈdoːdə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''doden'''^(Wiktionary)

+ The older spelling is ''dooden''.^(WNT) Middle Dutch also wrote ''doeden''.^(MNW)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|105)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|dôden]], [[inh|odt|*dōden]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*daudijan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*daudijaną|t=to make dead, kill]].^(Wiktionary)^(EWN) The verb was formed in Proto-Germanic from the adjective [[m|gem-pro|*daudaz|t=dead]], the ancestor of [[dood]], with the causative suffix [[m|gem-pro|*-janą]], so its meaning was “to make dead”.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(VMNW)

+

+ The same verb is [[osx|bidōdian]], [[goh|tōten]] (modern [[de|töten]]), [[ang|diēdan]], [[ofs|dēda]], [[non|deyða]] (modern [[sv|döda]]) and [[got|𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=gadauþjan]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The verb is first recorded in Ghent in 1237, in a rule on whoever ''doot'' “kills” a banished man.^(EWN)^(VMNW) About 1240 the Bernse glossary uses ''doden'' both of killing a person and of slaughtering or sacrificing an animal.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|105)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch also used the verb of making a part of the body die off, and figuratively of mortifying the flesh, a sense recorded in 1320.^(MNW) In Holland in 1401 it could mean to cancel a debt or obligation, like Middle Low German ''brieve doden''.^(MNW) An early modern Bible text of 1557 has ''Doodet u erdtsche lidtmaten'', “mortify your earthly members”, of suppressing desires.^(WNT)

+

+ In later Dutch it was used of putting an end to anything, a hope or someone's peace of mind (1865), and around 1900 of striking a name or a paid debt from a register.^(WNT) ''De tijd doden'', to pass the time, is a modern phrase.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek) The verb was taken into Negerhollands as ''dood'', and Afrikaans has [[m|af|dood]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1237 – The verb is first recorded in Ghent.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * c. 1240 – The Bernse glossary has ''doden'' of killing people and animals.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1320 – The figurative sense “mortify (the flesh)” is recorded.^(MNW)

+ * 1401 – ''Doden'' “cancel (a debt)” is recorded in Holland.^(MNW)

+ * 1557 – The sense “suppress (desires)” appears in a Bible text.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' to [[m|en|kill]], take the life of: ''De jager doodde het hert met één schot.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' to put an end to, make cease: ''de tijd doden'', to pass the time.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dodelijk]]

+ * [[doding]]

+ * [[doder]]

+ * [[ploertendoder]]

+ * [[geestdodend]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dood]]

+ * [[sterven]]

+ * [[de|töten]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The commandment ''gij zult niet doden'', “thou shalt not kill”, keeps the old pronoun.^(Van Dale 2014) The plural ''doden'' “the dead” belongs to the noun [[dood]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}