kennen Dutch · revision 37213

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *ǵneh₃-}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈkɛnə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''kennen'''^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|kennen]], [[inh|odt|kennen]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*kannijan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*kannijaną|t=to make known]], the causative of the verb that gave [[kunnen]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971) The same verb is [[osx|ant-kennian|t=to perceive]], [[goh|irkennen|t=to recognise]] (modern [[de|kennen]]), [[ofs|kenna]], [[ang|cennan|t=to declare]], [[non|kenna|t=to know; to make known]] and [[got|𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=kannjan|t=to make known]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The causative meaning “to make known” survives in Gothic, Old English and partly in Old Norse; in Dutch only in a few obsolete senses of [[ontkennen]] and in [[overkennen]].^(WNT)^(De Vries 1971) Middle Dutch also said ⟨te kennen doen⟩ “to make known”.^(MNW)

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+ The root is [[ine-pro|*ǵneh₃-|t=to know]].^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler ANFRK)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''kennen'' first appears in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms, in ''that ik it kende'', “that I should know it”: the oldest sense is “to know, be aware of”.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) Middle Dutch ''kennen'' first occurs in a Ghent charter of 1237, and a Limburg glossary of 1240 renders Latin ''agnoscere'' with it.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''kennen'' covered much more than the modern verb: to acknowledge, admit, judge in court, award, declare, recognise and find out, as well as to know facts, for which modern Dutch uses [[weten]].^(VMNW)^(MNW)^(EWN) Many of these senses now belong to compounds such as [[erkennen]], [[bekennen]] and [[toekennen]].^(MNW)^(EWN) The participle ''gekend'' “known” is recorded in 1562.^(EWN) Since 1888 it has also meant “well known, famous”, a use that is now mainly Belgian.^(EWN) ''Ongekend'' “unknown” (1573) came to mean “unprecedented” by 1840.^(EWN)

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+ Proverbs with the verb include ''men kent den vogel aan zijn veeren'' and the biblical ''aan hunne vruchten zult gij ze kennen''.^(WNT) In Belgium newspaper Dutch of the 1890s used ''iemand iets kennen'' “to know someone to have something”, a construction copied from French ''connaître''.^(De Vreese 1899) Swedish ''känna'' and Negerhollands ''ken'' are recorded as loans from Dutch or Low German.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''kennen'' “to know” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1237 – Middle Dutch ''kennen'' in a Ghent charter.^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – ''Kennen'' glosses Latin ''agnoscere'' in Limburg.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1562 – The participle ''ghekent'' “known”.^(EWN)

+ * 1840 – ''Ongekend'' “unprecedented”.^(EWN)

+ * 1888 – ''Gekend'' “famous”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|know]], to be acquainted or familiar with a person, place or thing.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To know through study or practice: ''een gedicht uit het hoofd kennen''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To [[m|en|recognise]]: ''ik kende hem aan zijn stem''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+ # To [[m|en|experience]], to go through: ''het land kende een strenge winter''.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Of things: to have, contain: ''deze regel kent geen uitzonderingen''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bekennen]]

+ * [[eenkennig]]

+ * [[erkennen]]

+ * [[herkennen]]

+ * [[kenmerk]]

+ * [[miskennen]]

+ * [[ontkennen]]

+ * [[kennis]]

+ * [[kenbaar]]

+ * [[kenschets]]

+ * [[kenteken]]

+ * [[toekennen]]

+ * [[verkennen]]

+ * [[kennelijk]]

+ * [[kenner]]

+ * [[gekend]]

+ * [[ongekend]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[weten]]

+ * [[kunnen]]

+ * [[en|ken]]

+ * [[de|kennen]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Kennen'' for [[kunnen]] “can” is dialectal and colloquial.^(Wiktionary) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal notes that educated speech carefully avoids it, though 17th-century writers such as Bredero and Vondel used it, and that the reverse, ''kunnen'' for ''kennen'', occurs too.^(WNT) An older regional form is ''kinnen''.^(WNT) ''Wat de boer niet kent, dat vreet hij niet'' mocks someone who will not try anything new, and to know something ''als zijn broekzak'' is to know it inside out.^(Van Dale 2014)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}