gebruiken Dutch · revision 37212

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Egmond Williram)|origins=ine-pro *bʰrūg-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɣəˈbrœy̯kə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''gebruiken''' (past ''gebruikte''; past participle ''gebruikt'', with ''hebben'')^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|ghebrûken]], [[inh|odt|gibrūkan]], formed with the strengthening prefix [[ge-]] from the verb [[bruiken]] “to use, enjoy”, which went out of use after the 17th century.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) Middle Dutch had both forms, ⟨brûken⟩ mainly in the north; the prefixed verb also appears as ⟨gebroeken⟩.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(MNW)

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+ The simple verb is [[osx|brūkan]], [[goh|brūhhan]] (modern [[de|brauchen]]), [[ofs|brūka]], [[ang|brūcan]] (modern [[en|brook|t=to tolerate]]), [[non|brúka]] and [[got|𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=brūkjan]], from [[gem-pro|*brūkaną|alt=*brūk-|t=to use]];^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) Old High German and Old English also had the prefixed verb.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) Outside Germanic it is related to [[la|fruor|t=to enjoy]] and [[m|la|frūx|t=fruit, produce]] (see [[fruit]]), from [[ine-pro|*bʰrūg-]];^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) De Vries notes that the root is found only in Italic and Germanic.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

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+ The Old English verb was strong, and Middle Dutch shows traces of strong forms too, such as the past ⟨ghebroec⟩ of about 1400.^(EWN)^(MNW)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''gibrūkan'' appears about 1100 in the Egmond Williram, in the sense “to share in, enjoy”: the bride says that she alone should enjoy her bridegroom.^(ONW) Middle Dutch ''gebruken'' is recorded in 1240 in a Limburg glossary, translating Latin ''frui'' and ''perfrui'' “to enjoy”.^(VMNW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch the main sense was “to enjoy”, above all earthly and mystical love: in a life of Saint Lutgard (1265) the saint's soul receives ''een vol gebruken'', the fullest enjoyment, of God, and ''Gods gebruken'' was to enjoy God's presence.^(VMNW)^(MNW) The verb also meant “to enjoy someone's company, to have dealings with”, as in ''die Joden ne ghebruken niet metten Samaritanen'' (1348), and in law “to have the full use of” property (1275, 1290).^(VMNW)^(MNW)^(EWN) The sense “to make use of” is found in the 14th century, in ''deser macht en bruken wi niet'' “we do not use this power”.^(EWN)

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+ The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal found the sense “to enjoy” obsolete by its own day; its last example is of 1632.^(WNT) “To use” became the main sense, with ''iets kunnen gebruiken'' “to have use for something” and ''iets moeten gebruiken'' “to need something”, which the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal compares with German ''brauchen''.^(WNT) Van der Sijs's loanword dictionary lists German ''gebrauchen'' beside the Dutch verb.^(Van der Sijs 2005) Of food and drink it means “to take”, and of alcohol or drugs “to take regularly”.^(Van Dale 2014) In Surinamese Dutch it is the usual word for eating and drinking, and also means “to like”.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

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+ The verb lives on in Afrikaans [[m|af|gebruik]] and Negerhollands ''gebruk'';^(Wiktionary) Sranan Tongo borrowed it as ''kebroiki''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''gibrūkan'' “to enjoy” in the Egmond Williram.^(ONW)

+ * 1240 – Middle Dutch ''gebruken'' glosses Latin ''frui'' in Limburg.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1265 – ''Een vol gebruken'' “full enjoyment” in the life of Saint Lutgard.^(VMNW)

+ * 1275 – ''Gebruken'' “to have the use of” property, in a Brabant charter.^(VMNW)

+ * 1348 – ''Ghebruken metten Samaritanen'' “to have dealings with the Samaritans”.^(EWN)^(MNW)

+ * 1605 – ''Gebruiken'' “to make use of” gifts.^(WNT)

+ * 1632 – The last example of the sense “to enjoy” a right.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|use]], to make use of: ''ze gebruikt een mes om het touw door te snijden''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To [[m|en|consume]], to take food or drink.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To take alcohol or drugs regularly.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''Iets kunnen gebruiken'': to have use for something, to need it.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[gebruik]]

+ * [[gebruiker]]

+ * [[gebruikelijk]]

+ * [[gebruikbaar]]

+ * [[hergebruiken]]

+ * [[opgebruiken]]

+ * [[veelgebruikt]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[bruiken]]

+ * [[fruit]]

+ * [[en|brook]]

+ * [[de|brauchen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Zijn hersens gebruiken'' means to think.^(Van Dale 2014) Van Dale records ''als kanonnenvlees gebruikt worden'', to be sacrificed on the battlefield.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}