jouw Dutch · revision 37209

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1280, Middle Dutch|origins=gem-pro *izweraz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /jɑu̯/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jouw''' (dependent possessive, independent possessive jouwe, contracted form je)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|jouwe]], [[inh|odt|*jūwa]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*iuwar]], [[inh|gem-pro|*izweraz]].^(Wiktionary)^(EWN) In Middle Dutch it was a western by-form of [[m|dum|uwe]], the possessive that grew out of the genitive of the plural pronoun [[m|dum|ghi]], so that it meant “of you (all)”.^(EWN)^(MNW) Van Veen and Van der Sijs call ⟨jou⟩ and ⟨jouw⟩ Ingvaeonic, coastal forms of a West Germanic ⟨iuw-⟩ whose southern forms ⟨u⟩ and ⟨uw⟩ were preferred in the written language, and De Vries lists ⟨jou(w)⟩ as the Holland dialect form.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries 1971) The spelling with ⟨ou⟩ reflects the change of final /u/ to /ou/ in much of the language area, and the word's later history runs parallel to that of the object pronoun [[jou]], which came to belong to the Holland pronoun [[jij]].^(EWN)

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+ The same possessive is [[osx|iuwar]], [[goh|iuwar]] (modern [[de|euer]]), [[ofs|iuwer]], [[ang|ēower]] (modern [[en|your]]), [[non|yðvarr]] and [[got|𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌰𐍂|tr=izwar]].^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The Philippa dictionary explains the Proto-Germanic ending as modelled on the first-person possessive [[gem-pro|*unseraz|alt=*unsara]], the source of [[ons]].^(EWN) Wiktionary calls the word a doublet of [[uw]].^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The possessive with ⟨j⟩ is first found in Middle Dutch charters of the 1280s: ''juwe strate'' “your street” and ''te juwer here'' “to your honour” (1280), and in 1287 Sweder van Abcoude calls himself ''ju man ende iu ridder'', “your vassal and your knight”.^(EWN) Forms with ⟨ou⟩, such as ''jou here'' “your lord” and ''in jouwer hant'' “in your hand”, appear in texts of about 1350.^(EWN)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Like the object pronoun ''jou'', the possessive at first referred to several people and later also to one; it ended up as the possessive of ''jij'' alone, while ''uw'' kept the polite and the southern ''gij'' forms.^(EWN) The Ghent grammarian Joos Lambrecht noted in 1550 that Hollanders said ''iou'' where he wrote ''ù''.^(EWN) In Plantijn's dictionary of 1573 ''juwe'' still stands beside ''uwe'' as a translation of French ''vostre''.^(MNW)^(WNT) In modern Dutch ''jouw'' is the stressed possessive, beside unstressed ''je''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) In Surinamese Dutch ''jouw'' is often used where the standard language has the unstressed form.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

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+ The word was borrowed into Chinese Malay as ''yow'', and Jersey Dutch had ''jāu''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''iuwa'' “your (plural)”, the common ancestor of ''jouw'' and ''uw'', appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1280 – Middle Dutch ''juwe strate'' “your street” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1287 – Sweder van Abcoude writes ''ju man ende iu ridder''.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1350 – Forms with ⟨ou⟩ appear: ''jou here'', ''jouwe wapene'' “your weapons”.^(EWN)

+ * 1573 – Plantijn's dictionary gives ''juwe'' beside ''uwe''.^(WNT)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Determiner===

+ # [[m|en|your]]: the possessive of the informal singular ''jij'', used when it is stressed or contrasted: ''Is dit jouw jas of die van hem?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''de jouwe'', ''het jouwe'': [[m|en|yours]], used without a noun: ''Mijn fiets is kapot, mag ik de jouwe lenen?''^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[uw]]

+ * [[jou]]

+ * [[jij]]

+ * [[en|your]]

+ * [[de|euer]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ A separate ''jouw'' is an interjection that was a cry of joy and, more often, of mocking scorn;^(WNT) Kiliaan (1588) glossed it with Latin ''io''.^(WNT) Plantijn's dictionary of 1573 already has it as a noun in ''eenen iouw geven'' “to give a jeer”, and a 1613 quotation has ''Jou, jou!'' as a taunt together with the verb ''jouwen'' “to jeer”.^(WNT) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal doubts whether all its uses belong to one word.^(WNT)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}