blijven Dutch · revision 37200

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *leip-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈblɛi̯vən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''blijven''' (past ''bleef'', plural ''bleven''; past participle ''gebleven'')^(MNW)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|blîven]], [[inh|odt|blīvan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*bilīban]], [[inh|gem-pro|*bilībaną|t=to remain]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) It was formed with the prefix [[be-]] on a strong verb [[m|gem-pro|*lībaną|t=to remain, be left over]] that Dutch no longer has by itself, and Middle Dutch rarely still has the full ⟨belīven⟩.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|76) The same verb is [[osx|bilīƀan]], [[goh|bilīban]] (modern [[de|bleiben]]), [[ofs|bilīva]] (modern [[fy|bliuwe]]), [[ang|belīfan]] and [[got|𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽|tr=bileiban]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ Beside it stands a causative from the ablaut grade ⟨*laib-jan-⟩, meaning “to leave behind”: Middle Dutch [[m|dum|bleiven|t=to leave food over]] (West Flemish still ⟨blêven⟩), [[m|ang|lǣfan]] (modern [[en|leave]]), [[non|leifa]] and [[m|got|𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=bilaibjan]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The Germanic verb belongs to the root [[ine-pro|*leip-|t=to stick, smear]], with [[grc|λίπος|tr=lípos|t=fat]], [[lt|lìpti|t=to stick]] and a Tocharian verb ⟨lip-⟩ “to remain”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) The sources assume a development from “to be fat” through “to stick, cling” to “to remain”.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|76) Kroonen finds the Germanic ⟨*b⟩ (for an expected ⟨*f⟩) obscure and suggests the strong verb may come from a stative “to live”, the verb in [[leven]].^(Kroonen 2013) The old sense “to be left over” survives in [[elf]] and [[twaalf]].^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The oldest record is the Old Dutch past tense ''bleif'' “I remained” in the Wachtendonck Psalms (10th century): ''inde bleif an enodi'', “and I stayed in the wilderness”.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) Middle Dutch ''bliven'' “to stay, remain” is recorded from about 1200 in Limburg and in 1240 in the Bern glossary.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''bliven'' meant to remain, stay behind or continue in a state, but also “to die” and, as a link verb, “to become”: in 1285 ''bleef absalon dod'' means “Absalom died”, and ''Bleef na hem coninc'' “became king after him”.^(EWN)^(VMNW) It could even mean “to be delivered of a child” (1291).^(VMNW)^(Wiktionary) The sense “to die” is kept in ''ergens in blijven'' and in ''dood blijven'', the only surviving use of the old “to become”.^(EWN) Sailors said of a lost ship or skipper that it ''is gebleven''.^(Winschoten 1681)

+

+ In the 14th and 15th centuries the North Germanic languages took the verb from Middle Low German, and there it developed “to become” into a link verb and the auxiliary of the passive: Swedish ''bli(va)'', Danish ''blive'' and Norwegian ''bli''.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Van der Sijs lists them among words borrowed from Dutch or Low German, with Javindo ''belijf'' and Negerhollands ''bliev''.^(Van der Sijs 2010) Afrikaans has [[m|af|bly]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The proverb ''wat men schrijft, dat blijft'' praises good bookkeeping, like German ''was man schreibt, das bleibt''.^(Stoett 1923) In Surinamese Dutch ''blijven'' also means “to live, stay (with someone)”, after Sranan and English usage.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''bleif'' “I remained” appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1200 – Middle Dutch ''bliven'' is recorded in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1237 – A Ghent text uses ''bliven'' for remaining in a state (under a ban).^(VMNW)

+ * 1276 – ''Doot bliven'' “to die” is recorded in Brabant.^(VMNW)

+ * 1285 – ''Bliven'' is used as a link verb meaning “to become”.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 14th–15th century – The North Germanic languages borrow the verb from Middle Low German.^(EWN)

+ * 1681 – A sailors' dictionary records ''gebleven'' “lost at sea”.^(Winschoten 1681)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|remain]], continue to exist or happen: ''Het bleef bij woorden'', nothing more than words came of it.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+ # To [[m|en|stay]] in a place, not leave: ''Hij blijft vannacht bij zijn broer.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With an infinitive: to go on doing something: ''Ze bleef maar lachen.'' ''Blijven zitten'' also means to repeat a school year.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To end up and stay in a position: ''De auto bleef in het zand steken.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(link verb)'' To stay, still be: ''Het weer blijft koud.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[blijver]]

+ * [[blijvend]]

+ * [[aanblijven]]

+ * [[achterblijven]]

+ * [[afblijven]]

+ * [[bijblijven]]

+ * [[binnenblijven]]

+ * [[nablijven]]

+ * [[opblijven]]

+ * [[overblijven]]

+ * [[samenblijven]]

+ * [[thuisblijven]]

+ * [[uitblijven]]

+ * [[verblijven]]

+ * [[wegblijven]]

+ * [[zittenblijven]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[leven]]

+ * [[lijf]]

+ * [[beklijven]]

+ * [[elf]]

+ * [[twaalf]]

+ * [[en|leave]]

+ * [[de|bleiben]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In Middle Dutch the perfect could also be formed with ''hebben''.^(MNW) Purists counted ''er blijft mij niets te wensen'', “nothing remains for me to wish”, as a gallicism after French ''rester'', where they wanted ''overblijven''.^(De Vreese 1899)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}