tegen Dutch · revision 37198

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=1220–1240, Middle Dutch|origins=gem-pro *gagin}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈteː.ɣə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tegen''' (preposition, adverb)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle Dutch also had ''tegens'', with the ''-s'' of [[jegens]].^(EWN)^(WNT) It was still written in the early 19th century, notably by Bilderdijk, and survives in the ''tegenswoordig'' some speakers use.^(WNT) Many dialects, especially in Holland, have ''teugen'', a form that Van Haeringen and the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal call hard to explain.^(WNT)^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|dum|te|jeghen|t1=to, towards|t2=against, opposite]], where ⟨te⟩ gave the direction of the action.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Wiktionary) The unstressed first syllable was reduced, so that ⟨te jeghen⟩ became ⟨tjeghen⟩ and then ⟨teghen⟩.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Southern texts also have palatalised forms spelled ⟨tie-⟩, ⟨che-⟩, ⟨tse-⟩ and the like.^(EWN)^(WNT)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|381) German [[m|de|zugegen|t=present]] is formed in the same way.^(Vercoullie 1925)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ The second part is the preposition in [[jegens]]: Middle Dutch [[m|dum|jeghen]] continues [[odt|gegin]], which also appears with prefixes as [[m|odt|angegin]] and [[m|odt|ingegen]], and [[gem-pro|*gagin|t=against, towards]].^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Wiktionary) Its ⟨j-⟩ is the North Sea Germanic development of Germanic ⟨*g-⟩, as in [[jij]] beside [[gij]].^(EWN) Related forms are [[osx|gegin-]], [[goh|gagan]] (modern [[de|gegen]]), [[ofs|jēn]] and [[ang|gēan-]], the source of English [[m|en|again]] in [[m|ang|ongēan]].^(EWN) The further, pre-Germanic origin is unknown.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Around 1220–1240 Middle Dutch has ''[s]ecgen minen wille'', “against my will”, and ''te gegen uome quam sijn wijf'', “his wife came to meet him”.^(EWN)^(VMNW) A text of 1236 speaks of the worst offences ''cheghen dordine'', “against the rule”.^(EWN) Van der Sijs dates the preposition ''teghen'' to 1284.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch ''tejeghen'', ''jeghen'' and their forms with ''-s'' were synonyms.^(EWN) Old High German texts still show how such a preposition developed: first “straight towards” in space and time, then a relation to people, and finally opposition.^(EWN) The present difference between ''tegen'', ''tegens'' and ''jegens'' was introduced by 17th-century and later grammarians: Ampzing (1628) prescribed ''tegen'' for meeting someone, ''tegens'' for hostility and ''jegens'' for friendship.^(EWN) ''Tegens'' has since gone out of standard use, but the distinction between ''tegen'' and ''jegens'' remains.^(EWN)

+

+ The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal starts from the sense of direction, “in the opposite direction”, as in sailing ''tegen de wint'' (1688), and then presence at a place, touching something.^(WNT) Modern senses include hostility, a contest, contradiction, exchange (''tegen betaling'') and approach in time (''tegen de avond'').^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT) In Belgium ''tegen'' can also mean “near”, and in Surinamese Dutch it marks a point of time, “at”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ The preposition was borrowed into Negerhollands, Ambonese Malay (''téheng'') and Surinamese Javanese (''tékhe'').^(Van der Sijs 2010) Afrikaans has [[m|af|teen]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''gegin'' “against, towards” is recorded in the Leiden Willeram.^(ONW)

+ * 1220–1240 – Middle Dutch ''te gegen'' and ''secgen'' are first recorded.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1236 – ''Cheghen'' “against (a rule)” appears.^(EWN)

+ * 1270–1290 – The form ''tegens'' appears.^(EWN)

+ * 1284 – ''Teghen'' is recorded.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * 1628 – Ampzing prescribes different uses for ''tegen'', ''tegens'' and ''jegens''.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|against]], in the opposite direction to: ''tegen de stroom in roeien''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+ # Against, touching: ''Ze leunde tegen de muur.'' ''Tegen de lamp lopen'' is to be caught.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Against, in opposition to, in a fight or match with: ''Ajax speelt zondag tegen PSV.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Contrary to: ''tegen de regels''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To, towards a person, of speaking: ''Wat zei hij tegen je?''^(WikiWoordenboek)^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Towards, shortly before a time: ''tegen de middag''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # In [[m|en|exchange]] for: ''tegen een kleine vergoeding''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Compared to;^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) ''(sports)'' [[m|en|versus]], in scores: ''drie tegen één''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Belgium)'' Near.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Against, opposed: ''Ik ben ertegen.'' ''Wind tegen hebben'', to have a headwind.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[tegendeel]]

+ * [[tegendraads]]

+ * [[tegenzin]]

+ * [[tegenover]]

+ * [[tegenkomen]]

+ * [[tegenhouden]]

+ * [[tegenspreken]]

+ * [[tegenstander]]

+ * [[tegenspraak]]

+ * [[tegenstrijdig]]

+ * [[tegenwoordig]]

+ * [[tegengif]]

+ * [[tegenspoed]]

+ * [[tegenvoeter]]

+ * [[integendeel]]

+ * [[tegenhanger]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[jegens]]

+ * [[te]]

+ * [[de|gegen]]

+ * [[en|again]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}