toen Dutch · revision 37197

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=891–900, Old Dutch|origins=gmw-pro *þō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /tun/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''toen''' (adverb, conjunction)^(Wiktionary)

+ Colloquial and regional ''toe'' exists beside ''toen'', and some dialects have ''toens''.^(WNT) The older forms ''doe'' and ''doen'' are now obsolete.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|doen]], beside [[m|dum|doe]], [[inh|odt|thuo]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*þō|t=then]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The Old Dutch adverb arose from the instrumental case of the demonstrative pronoun treated under [[die]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|386) The regular modern outcome would have been ⟨*doe⟩.^(EWN) The ⟨-n⟩ of ⟨doen⟩ may come from [[dan]].^(EWN)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(Wiktionary) Franck–Van Wijk and De Vries & De Tollenaere compare the ⟨-n⟩ of West Flemish [[m|vls|joen|t=you]] and German [[m|de|nun|t=now]].^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|386)

+

+ The ⟨t-⟩ arose in set phrases after a voiceless consonant: ⟨ende doe(n)⟩ “and then” became ⟨enddoe(n)⟩ and ⟨entoe(n)⟩, and ⟨noch doe⟩ “even then” became [[m|dum|nochtoe]], as in [[toch]].^(EWN)^(WNT)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The same adverb is [[osx|thō]] (Middle Low German ⟨dō⟩), [[goh|duo]] and [[fy|doe]], and Wiktionary also compares [[lb|dunn]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) [[ofs|thā]] and [[ang|þā]] are shortened forms of ⟨*þō⟩, while [[got|𐌸𐌴|tr=þē]] continues an ablaut variant ⟨*þē⟩.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''tho'' is recorded in 891–900 in ''tho gihelida ina use druhtin'', “then our Lord healed him”.^(EWN) The Wachtendonck Psalms have ''thia ic ne nam thuo fargalt'', “what I did not take, I then repaid”, and around 1100 the Leiden Willeram uses ''tho'' as a conjunction: ''tho ich hiro gescriphta thurgh suoghta, tho uand ich minen wine'', “when I searched through their writings, then I found my beloved”.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''doe'', ''doen'' served as an adverb, “at that time” and “next, thereupon”, and as a conjunction, “at the moment that”, “after” and even “because”.^(VMNW) ''Doen'' is recorded in 1271–1272, ''entoe'' in 1287 and free-standing ''toen'' in 1340–1360.^(EWN) In writing ''entoe'' stayed rare, and ''toen'' spread quickly only in the 17th century, in the developing standard language.^(EWN) It was rare in writing until the early 17th century, then used beside ''doe'' and ''doen'', and has been the usual form since the 18th century.^(WNT)

+

+ Van der Sijs dates the adverb ''toen'' to 1451–1500 and the conjunction to 1636.^(Van der Sijs 2001) The short form ''toe'' was never frequent in writing but became the normal form in Afrikaans.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The word also passed into Negerhollands (''toen'', ''die toen''), Petjo and a German dialect.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 891–900 – Old Dutch ''tho'' “then” is first recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 901–1000 – ''Thuo'' appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1100 – The Leiden Willeram uses ''tho'' as a conjunction.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1237 – Middle Dutch ''doe'' is recorded.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * 1271–1272 – The form ''doen'' appears.^(EWN)

+ * 1287 – ''Entoe'' “and then” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1340–1360 – Free-standing ''toen'' appears.^(EWN)

+ * 1636 – ''Toen'' is recorded as a conjunction.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 18th century – ''Toen'' becomes the usual written form.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|then]], at that moment (in the past): ''Toen pas begreep ik het.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Then, next, after that: ''En toen?'', “and then what happened?”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Back then, in those days: ''de jongens van toen''.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # [[m|en|when]], at the time that (in the past): ''Toen ik klein was, woonden we in Gent.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[toenmalig]]

+ * [[toentertijd]]

+ * [[toenmaals]]

+ * [[alstoen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dan]]

+ * [[toch]]

+ * [[die]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}