horen Dutch · revision 37192

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *hauzijaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈɦoːrə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Netherlands: [ˈɦʊə̯rən̥], [ˈɦʊə̯rø̜]^(Wiktionary)

+ * East, North: [ˈɦʊəɐ̯n]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Belgium: [ˈɦoːrən̥], [ˈɦoːrø̜]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''horen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|horen]], [[inh|odt|hōren]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hauʀijan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hauzijaną|t=to hear]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|hōrian]], [[goh|hōren]] (modern [[de|hören]]), [[ofs|hēra]], [[ang|hīeran]] (modern [[en|hear]]), [[non|heyra]] and [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=hausjan]], all meaning “to perceive with the ears”; in the West Germanic languages it also meant “to belong”.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971) Gothic keeps an ⟨s⟩ where the others have ⟨r⟩.^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|169) Beside it stood a form with ⟨k⟩, Middle Dutch [[m|dum|horken|t=to listen]] (now dialectal), [[goh|hōrehhen]] (modern [[de|horchen]]), [[fy|harkje]] and English [[m|en|hark]], probably an intensive derivative.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ According to the EWN the only related word outside Germanic is [[grc|ἀκούω|tr=akoúō|t=to hear]], from a root [[ine-pro|*h₂kous-]].^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|169) The EWN calls older explanations outdated: a link with [[oor]] and [[la|audiō|t=to hear]], or an analysis of the Greek verb as “sharp” plus “ear”, so that hearing would be “pricking up the ears”.^(EWN) Wiktionary still follows that analysis, with [[ine-pro|*h₂ḱh₂owsyéti|t=to be sharp-eared]].^(Wiktionary) De Vries compares further [[la|caveō|t=to beware]], while the WNT (1906) found no certain relatives at all.^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch has the verb only in inflected forms, ''gihōron'' “to listen, to give ear”, in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW) Around 1100 the Leiden Willeram uses it for “to belong to”, and the Rhineland Rhyming Bible of 1151–1200 for “to obey”.^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''horen'' meant “to listen” in the Limburg life of Saint Servatius (1200), and “to hear” in 1240, when a Limburg glossary renders Latin ''audire'' with it.^(EWN)^(VMNW) From “to listen to” came “to be subject to”: in 1254 all the burghers of Middelburg ''horen tenen rechte'' “come under one law”; then “to belong to”, as in ''dat hort te hare'' “that is hers” (1265–1270).^(EWN) The same path led to “to be fitting”, the sense of [[behoren]] and of the modern ''dat hoort zo''.^(EWN)^(Van Dale 2014) To ''messe horen'' was to attend mass.^(MNW)

+

+ ''Hoor'' at the end of a spoken sentence, as a softening tag, is recorded from 1671 and began as ''hoor je?'' “do you hear?”.^(EWN)^(WNT) Stoett traces proverbs such as ''die niet horen wil, moet voelen'' “who will not listen must feel”, said to a child about to be punished, and ''horen en zien vergaan'', said of a deafening noise.^(Stoett 1923) In Jewish Dutch ''horen naar'' meant “to obey”, after Yiddish or German.^(Van de Kamp 2006)

+

+ The verb passed into Negerhollands (''hō'', ''hoor''), Berbice Dutch (''horo'') and Skepi Dutch (''horə''); Afrikaans has [[m|af|hoor]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''gihōron'' “to listen” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1100 – “To belong to” in the Leiden Willeram.^(ONW)

+ * 1200 – Middle Dutch ''horen'' “to listen”, in the life of Saint Servatius.^(EWN)

+ * 1240 – “To hear”, glossing Latin ''audire'' in Limburg.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1254 – “To be subject to”, in Middelburg.^(EWN)

+ * 1265–1270 – “To belong to” in a Brabant life of Saint Lutgard.^(EWN)

+ * 1671 – The tag ''hoor'' at the end of a sentence.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|hear]], to perceive with the ears: ''Ik hoorde de trein in de verte.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To learn, to be told: ''We hoorden pas gisteren dat ze verhuisd was.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To listen to; to hear someone out, to [[m|en|question]] a witness or ask for advice: ''De rechter wil eerst beide partijen horen.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To [[m|en|belong]], to have one's place: ''Die schoenen horen in de kast.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To be [[m|en|fitting]], to be proper: ''Zo hoort het niet.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[gehorig]]

+ * [[gehoor]]

+ * [[behoren]]

+ * [[horken]]

+ * [[horig]]

+ * [[hoorbaar]]

+ * [[ongehoord]]

+ * [[hoorapparaat]]

+ * [[hoorcollege]]

+ * [[hoorspel]]

+ * [[hoorzitting]]

+ * [[verhoor]]

+ * [[gehoorzaam]]

+ * [[verhoren]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[akoestiek]]

+ * [[en|hear]]

+ * [[de|hören]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Horen'' is also a spelling of [[hoorn]] “horn”, with the plural ''horens'', from a separate Germanic noun; the WNT notes that this noun is often written ''horen''.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)^(Kroonen 2013) The tag ''hoor'' (''Dat is goed, hoor'') softens or stresses a statement.^(EWN)^(Van Dale 2014) ''Horen en wederhoren'' is to hear both sides.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}