dood Dutch · revision 37185

+ Dutch ''dood'' is both the adjective “dead” and the noun “death”, separate Germanic formations from one verb for dying that came to sound alike.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

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+ {{homograph|1|dead}}

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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Leiden Willeram)|origins=gem-pro *dawjaną}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /doːt/^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Forms==

+ '''dood''' (comparative doder, superlative doodst)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ The adjective “dead” is [[inh|dum|doot]], [[inh|odt|dōd]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*daud]], [[inh|gem-pro|*daudaz|t=dead]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|dōd]], [[goh|tōt]] (modern [[de|tot]]), [[ofs|dād]] (modern [[fy|dea]]), [[ang|dēad]] (modern [[en|dead]]), [[non|dauðr]] (modern [[sv|död]]) and [[got|𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃|tr=dauþs]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

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+ It was originally a past participle in ⟨*-to-⟩ of [[gem-pro|*dawjaną|t=to die]], formed like [[oud]] and [[koud]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(WNT) That verb survives in Middle Dutch [[m|dum|doyen|t=to waste away, languish]] and in [[osx|dōian]], [[goh|touwen]] and [[non|deyja|t=to die]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Its further origin is uncertain: possible relatives are [[sga|duine|t=human being, mortal]], [[lt|dvėsti|alt=dvẽsti|t=to perish]] and perhaps [[la|fūnus|t=funeral]], which point to a root [[ine-pro|*dʰeu-|t=to vanish, die]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The adjective stands beside the noun with grammatical alternation, Germanic ⟨*dauda-⟩ against ⟨*dauþu-⟩, and in Dutch the two came to sound alike.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The adjective first appears in Old Dutch place names in the sense “barren, unfruitful”: ''Datnesta'' or ''Dotnest'', a wood near Drongen by Ghent, is recorded in 820.^(ONW) In the sense “dead” it is found around 1100 in the Leiden Willeram, where myrrh and aloe keep ''thie doden lichamon'', the dead bodies, from rotting.^(ONW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''doot'' meant “dead, lifeless” of living beings and of things, and also “void, invalid”.^(MNW)^(VMNW)^(Wiktionary) ''Al doot'' was “stone dead” (1291) and ''half doot'' “half dead”.^(VMNW) From the 16th century the WNT has ''dood'' of things that no longer exist, ''dood zijn voor iets'', to be indifferent to something (1766), and strengthened forms such as ''dood en begraven'' and ''zo dood als een pier''.^(WNT) Sailors used it to mean “completely”: Winschoten explains ''doodstil'' in 1681 as a calm with not the least breath of wind.^(Winschoten 1681)

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+ The adjective became a first element meaning “very” in many compounds, such as [[doodgewoon]] and [[doodmoe]], helped by older compounds of the noun such as [[doodsbang]] and [[doodsbleek]].^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT) In Surinamese Dutch someone who is ''dood'' is finished, out of the game.^(Van Donselaar 1989) Berbice Dutch took the adjective as ''doto''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 820 – ''Dotnest'', a place name with ''dood'' “barren”.^(ONW)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Thie doden lichamon'' “the dead bodies” in the Leiden Willeram.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1240 – Middle Dutch ''dot'', ''doet'' “dead”.^(EWN)

+ * 1291 – ''Al doet'' “stone dead”.^(VMNW)

+ * 1596 – ''Het doode lijf'' of a vice-admiral, thrown into the sea.^(WNT)

+ * 1681 – Winschoten records sailors' ''dood'' in the sense “completely”.^(Winschoten 1681)

+ * 1766 – ''Dood zijn voor iets'', to be indifferent to something.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of people, animals and plants: [[m|en|dead]], no longer living: ''Er lag een dode vogel in de tuin.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Of things: without life or movement, no longer working: ''De accu van mijn telefoon is dood.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

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+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(colloquial, East and West Flanders)'' Very much, a lot.^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[doden]]

+ * [[morsdood]]

+ * [[hersendood]]

+ * [[doodgeboren]]

+ * [[doodgewoon]]

+ * [[doodmoe]]

+ * [[doodstil]]

+ * [[doodop]]

+ * [[doodleuk]]

+ * [[doodeenvoudig]]

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+ {{homograph|2|death}}

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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *dawjaną}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /doːt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dood''' ''m or f'' (plural doden, no diminutive)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ The noun “death” is [[inh|dum|doot]], [[inh|odt|dōth]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*dauþu]], [[inh|gem-pro|*dauþuz|t=death]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|dōth]], [[goh|tōd]] (modern [[de|Tod]]), [[ofs|dāth]], [[ang|dēaþ]] (modern [[en|death]]), [[non|dauðr|t=death]] and [[got|𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃|tr=dauþus]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

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+ It is a noun of action formed with the suffix ⟨*-þu-⟩, from PIE ⟨*-tu-⟩, from the same verb [[gem-pro|*dawjaną|t=to die]] as the adjective.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) The WNT calls the relatives outside Germanic uncertain and mentions [[la|fūnus|t=funeral]].^(WNT) In Middle Dutch the noun was usually feminine, though masculine in the related languages.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''dōt'' “death” is recorded in the 9th or 10th century, and the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms have ''fan dōde'' “from death”.^(ONW)^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In Middle Dutch it first appears around 1240 in a Limburg glossary, for Latin ''mors'' and ''nex''.^(VMNW)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used ''doot'' for death and dying, the death throes, a hopeless state, the day of someone's death, a killing and the death penalty.^(VMNW)^(MNW) People swore by the death of Christ: Bruges statutes of 1292 mention swearing ''bi ons heren doed'', and the oath was worn down into exclamations such as ''o doot''.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001)

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+ Death was pictured as a figure, usually a skeleton with a scythe.^(WikiWoordenboek) Vercoullie explains ''zo bleek als de dood van Ieperen'' by the figure of Death in a dance of death, which at Ypres appeared twice on the town clock.^(Vercoullie 1925) ''Den dood sterven'' (1646) was an old solemn way of saying “to die”, and something hard to bear was ''harder dan de dood''.^(WNT) The black death is a translation of German ''schwarzer Tod'', and ''over de doden niets dan goeds'' of a Latin saying.^(Van der Sijs 2005) The noun passed into Negerhollands (''dood'', ''dod''), Berbice Dutch (''doti'') and Skepi Dutch (''dut'').^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 801–1000 – Old Dutch ''dōt'' “death”.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * 901–1000 – ''Fan dōde'' “from death” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1240 – Middle Dutch ''dot'' glosses Latin ''mors''.^(VMNW)

+ * 1292 – An oath ''bi ons heren doed'' “by our Lord's death” in Bruges.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001)

+ * 1548 – ''Vander dood en mueghdy adpelleren'' “from death you cannot appeal”.^(WNT)

+ * 1646 – ''De bittere doot … te sterven'' “to die the bitter death”.^(WNT)

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+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|death]], the state that sets in when life ends: ''Na zijn dood werd het huis verkocht.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Dying, the passage from life to death: ''Ze stierf een rustige dood.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # The end of something: ''Die regel betekende de dood van de kleine winkels.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Death personified, a [[m|en|skeleton]] with a [[m|en|scythe]]: ''Hij zag eruit alsof hij de dood had gezien.''^(WikiWoordenboek)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[doodsangst]]

+ * [[doodsbang]]

+ * [[doodsbleek]]

+ * [[doodzonde]]

+ * [[doodsvijand]]

+ * [[doodsakte]]

+ * [[doodsklok]]

+ * [[marteldood]]

+ * [[hondendood]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[verdwijnen]]

+ * [[en|dead]]

+ * [[en|death]]

+ * [[de|tot]]

+ * [[de|Tod]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Duizend doden sterven'' is to be terrified, and the proverb ''de een zijn dood is de ander zijn brood'' says that one person's loss is another's gain.^(Van Dale 2014) ''Een broertje dood hebben aan iets'', to loathe something, was first said of an illness a little brother had died of; in the south one said ''een oom van iets dood hebben''.^(Stoett 1923)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}