vriend Dutch · revision 37183

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Leiden Willeram)|origins=gem-pro *frijōną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /vrint/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vriend''' ''m'' (plural vrienden, diminutive vriendje n, feminine vriendin)^(Wiktionary)

+ With the vowel shortened before the nasal cluster the word is also ''vrind'' all over the language area, with rounding ''vrund'', and in the east ''vreend''.^(WNT)

+ Middle Dutch also had ''vrint'', ''vrent'' and ''vrunt''.^(De Vries 1971)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|vrient]], [[inh|odt|friunt]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*friund]], [[inh|gem-pro|*frijōndz|t=friend, loved one]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|friund]], [[goh|friunt]] (modern [[de|Freund]]), [[ofs|friūnd]] (modern [[fy|freon]]), [[ang|frēond]] (modern [[en|friend]]), [[non|frændi]] (modern [[sv|frände|t=kinsman]]) and [[got|𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃|tr=frijonds]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|421)

+

+ It is an old present participle of [[gem-pro|*frijōną|t=to love]], the verb that became [[vrijen]], and so meant “the one who loves”; [[vijand]] “enemy” is a participle of the same kind.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Vercoullie 1925)^(Orel 2003) In several of the old languages it also meant “kinsman”, as it still did in Middle Dutch, and De Vries thinks “friend” first meant someone who had been given the standing of a blood relative by a ritual.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|421)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''friunt'' “friend, beloved” is first found around 1100 in the Leiden Willeram, a paraphrase of the Song of Songs: ''Ezzet, mine friunde, drinket ande werthet drunkan'', “eat, my friends, drink and be drunk”.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The Middle Dutch form appears in 1201–1225 in Floyris, where Floyris listens to ''siner uriende worte'', his friend's words.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''vrient'' meant a friend, an ally, a fellow believer or guild brother, a spouse, and a relative.^(VMNW)^(Wiktionary) There was also an adjective ''vrient'' “friendly, well-disposed”, used mostly by poets and later dropped.^(MNW)^(VMNW)^(WNT) The kinship sense explains the proverb ''beter een goede buur dan een verre vriend'', which goes back to Proverbs 27:10, where the Bible has “brother”, and remnants of it survive in dialects.^(Stoett 1923)^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ In religious language believers were called friends of God or of Christ.^(WNT) The word widened to acquaintances and to company in general, as in a play of 1513 where a host welcomes ''een deel vrienden''.^(WNT) Today it can also mean a boyfriend, a contact in a social network on the internet, and a supporter who gives money to an institution.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek) ''Valse vrienden'', words that look alike in two languages but differ in meaning, translates French ''faux amis''.^(Van der Sijs 2005)

+

+ In the Dutch East Indies ''vriend'' was the answer to a sentry's challenge; this is the source of Indonesian ''prin'' or ''pring'' and Makassarese ''parêng''.^(Van der Sijs 2010) The word also lives on in Negerhollands, Berbice Dutch ''frindi'' and Afrikaans [[m|af|vriend]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''friunt'' in the Leiden Willeram.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1201–1225 – Middle Dutch ''vriende'' in Floyris.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * c. 1240 – ''Vrint'' glosses Latin ''amicus'' in Limburg.^(VMNW)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|421)

+ * 1513 – ''Vrienden'' for a host's guests.^(WNT)

+ * 1516 – ''O ihesu lieue vrint'' “O Jesus, dear friend”.^(WNT)

+ * 1909 – ''Vrindjes'' for a child's playmates.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|friend]], someone one is bound to by affection and personal preference: ''Ze is mijn beste vriendin, hij mijn oudste vriend.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A [[m|en|boyfriend]]: ''Haar vriend komt morgen eten.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A contact in a social network on the internet.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # A [[m|en|donor]] or supporter of an institution: ''de Vrienden van het Concertgebouw''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(ironic)'' A way of addressing someone one is not on good terms with: ''Zo, vriend, nu is het genoeg.''^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[vriendin]]

+ * [[vriendschap]]

+ * [[vriendelijk]]

+ * [[vriendeloos]]

+ * [[vriendjespolitiek]]

+ * [[bevrienden]]

+ * [[ontvrienden]]

+ * [[boezemvriend]]

+ * [[jeugdvriend]]

+ * [[huisvriend]]

+ * [[dierenvriend]]

+ * [[allemansvriend]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vrijen]]

+ * [[vrij]]

+ * [[en|friend]]

+ * [[de|Freund]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Even goede vrienden'' is a shrug at a refusal, “no hard feelings”.^(Van Dale 2014) ''Vrind'' is the common spoken form.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}