vragen Dutch · revision 37182

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Leiden Willeram)|origins=ine-pro *preḱ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈvraːɣə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''vragen''' (past tense ''vroeg'', less often ''vraagde''; past participle ''gevraagd'')^(WNT)^(EWN)

+ ''Vriech'' for “asked” is found in Coster in 1618 and is still heard in some dialects.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|vrâghen]], [[inh|odt|frāgon]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*frāgēn]], [[inh|gem-pro|*frēgōną|alt=*frēgōn-|t=to ask]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[osx|frāgon]], [[goh|frāgēn]] (modern [[de|fragen]]) and [[ofs|frēgia]] (modern [[fy|freegje]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|420) Beside it stood the noun ⟨*frēgō-⟩, Middle Dutch [[m|dum|vraghe]], the word [[vraag]];^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen thinks the verb was formed from that noun.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The lengthened vowel alternates by ablaut with ⟨*freg-⟩, the root of a strong verb with a nasal infix, [[gem-pro|*fregnaną|alt=*fregnan-|t=to ask, inquire]], which gave [[m|osx|fregnan]], [[ang|frignan]], [[non|fregna]] and [[got|𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌽|tr=fraihnan]], and of ⟨*fergōn-⟩, the verb [[vergen]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The source is the root noun [[ine-pro|*preḱ-|t=question]], also found in [[la|prex|t=prayer, request]] with [[m|la|precor|t=to pray, entreat]], [[ae|fərasā-|t=question]], [[cy|rheg|t=gift; curse]] and [[lt|prašyti|alt=prašýti|t=to ask for]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) [[vorsen|alt=Vorsen]] “to investigate” comes from a present stem of the same root.^(EWN)

+

+ The verb was originally weak, as it still is in German and in the participle [[gevraagd]].^(EWN)^(ONW) The strong past ⟨vroeg⟩ arose in Early Modern Dutch, by the WNT's evidence in the 17th century, after strong verbs such as [[dragen]], as also happened to [[jagen]].^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''fragon'' is first recorded around 1100 in the Leiden Willeram: ''Ir fragadot mich, war min drut wara'' “you asked me where my beloved was”.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In Middle Dutch the women in Floyris (1201–1225) ''urageten wat er were'', asked what was the matter, and in 1285 a king ''vraghede omme raet'', asked for advice.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch already used the verb both for asking a question and for asking for something.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(MNW) ''Vragen om'' in the sense “to want, to call for” is not recorded in Middle Dutch, though Kiliaan glosses the verb with Latin ''petere''.^(MNW) ''Sonder vraghen'' meant “without asking leave” and also “at once”.^(VMNW)^(MNW) Modern senses include inviting someone, asking a price, and requiring or needing something; in card games ''vragen'' is to bid.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The oldest WNT quotation of ''vroeg'' is from Bredero (1611). Huydecoper rejected it in 1730 and replaced it with ''vraagde'' in his own work, but ''vroeg'' won, and after 1791 ''vraagde'' is hardly recorded outside Multatuli's first edition of ''Max Havelaar'' (1860).^(WNT) The verb went to Swedish ''fråga'' “to request” (from Dutch or Low German), to Javindo, Negerhollands, Berbice Dutch ''fragi'' and Skepi Dutch, and Afrikaans has [[m|af|vra]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''fragon'' in the Leiden Willeram.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1201–1225 – Middle Dutch ''urageten'' “asked” in Floyris.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * c. 1240 – ''Uragen'' glosses Latin ''interrogare'' in Limburg.^(VMNW)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|420)

+ * 1285 – ''Vraghede omme raet'' “asked for advice”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1611 – The strong past ''vroeg'' in Bredero.^(WNT)

+ * 1730 – Huydecoper condemns ''vroeg''.^(WNT)

+ * 1860 – ''Vraagde'' in Multatuli's ''Max Havelaar'', changed to ''vroeg'' in 1881.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|ask]] someone a question: ''Ik vroeg haar hoe laat de trein vertrok.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To [[m|en|request]], to ask for something: ''Hij vroeg om een glas water.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To invite: ''Ze hebben ons gevraagd voor hun bruiloft.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To ask a price; to [[m|en|demand]]: ''Hoeveel vraagt hij voor die fiets?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To need, to [[m|en|require]]: ''Dit werk vraagt veel geduld.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To seek to obtain, as in advertisements: ''Kok gevraagd.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(card games, intransitive)'' To [[m|en|bid]].^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[aanvragen]]

+ * [[afvragen]]

+ * [[bevragen]]

+ * [[navragen]]

+ * [[ondervragen]]

+ * [[opvragen]]

+ * [[overvragen]]

+ * [[uitvragen]]

+ * [[rondvragen]]

+ * [[ongevraagd]]

+ * [[vrager]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vraag]]

+ * [[vergen]]

+ * [[vorsen]]

+ * [[de|fragen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The saying ''vragen staat vrij'' “there is no harm in asking” is the first half of ''het vragen staat vrij, maar 't weigeren er bij'', “asking is free, but so is refusing”; the first half is found in the 16th century and the whole in Vondel.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}