kind Dutch · revision 37173

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *ǵenh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /kɪnt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''kind''' ''n'' (plural kinderen or kinders, diminutive kindje n or kindertje n or kindeken n or kindelijn n)^(Wiktionary)

+ The colloquial plural is ''kinders'', and dialects have ''kinder''.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ The plural ''kijeren'' was common in Amsterdam and Waterland speech and in the farces of the 17th and 18th centuries.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|kint]], [[inh|odt|kint]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*kind]], [[inh|gem-pro|*kinþą|alt=*kinþa-|t=child]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|kind]] and [[goh|kind]] (modern [[de|Kind]]); [[ofs|kind]] is a borrowing from Middle High German, the usual Frisian word being [[m|fy|bern]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) English [[m|en|child]] has a separate origin.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(MNW)

+

+ The Germanic noun is formed like a past participle, from [[ine-pro|*ǵenh₁-to-|t=begotten]], the same formation as [[owl|-gint|t=child]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) A related stem ⟨*kinþi-⟩ gave [[non|kind|t=lineage, kin]] and [[got|𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍃|tr=kindins|t=governor]], originally “head of a tribe”, and matches [[la|gēns|t=clan, people]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|194) With other vowel grades the same root gave [[ang|gecynd|t=nature, race]], the source of English [[m|en|kind]].^(EWN) All belong to [[ine-pro|*ǵenh₁-|t=to beget]], the root of [[kunne]] and of [[m|la|gignō|t=to beget]] and [[grc|γένος|tr=génos|t=race, family]].^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ The word originally had no plural ending in the nominative and accusative, as in its first Old Dutch record.^(EWN) In Middle Dutch the bare plural ⟨kint⟩ is rare and the plural takes ⟨-e⟩, ⟨-en⟩ or ⟨-(e)re(n)⟩.^(EWN)^(MNW) The ⟨r⟩ plural, found early in the west, copied neuter nouns such as [[rund]], [[lam]] and [[ei]], where the ⟨r⟩ is an old ending.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms use Old Dutch ''kint'' for a son or daughter: ''kint manno'', “the children of men”, mankind, and ''kindi cunnigis'', “to the son of the king”.^(EWN)^(ONW) The sense “young person, child” follows in a rhymed Bible of the late 12th century, where Isaac speaks ''zo them kinde'', “to the child”.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Dutch already used ''kint'' for the Christ child and, figuratively, for a follower or spiritual child.^(ONW) In Middle Dutch the age at which someone counted as a ''kint'' was wider than today, and the word could also mean the young of an animal, as of a goose in 1287.^(MNW)^(VMNW) ''Met kinde werden'' meant to become pregnant.^(MNW) The feast of the Holy Innocents on 28 December was ''alre kinderen dach'', “all children's day”, recorded in Mechelen in 1292.^(VMNW)

+

+ The adjective [[kinds]] first meant “childlike”, as Middle Dutch ''kinsch'' in 1240, and “naive” by 1290;^(EWN) Kiliaan in 1599 records ''kindsch worden'' for old people who become like children again.^(EWN) In Southern Dutch, parents who had a baby were said to ''een kind kopen'', “buy a child”.^(WNT) ''Kind noch kraai hebben'', to have no relatives at all, is found from the 17th century;^(Stoett 1923) Middle Dutch had ''kint noch craet'', where ''craet'' was a crow, the rooster.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ Dutch carried the word to Negerhollands (''kind'', ''kint''), Skepi Dutch (''kente'') and Afrikaans [[m|af|kind]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) The English cant word [[m|en|kinchin]] “little child” comes from Dutch or German, and French dialects have ''quinquin'' as a fond name for small children.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''kint'' is recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1151–1200 – ''Kint'' “young person” appears in a rhymed Bible.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1200 – Middle Dutch ''kint'' is recorded in the Rhineland.^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – The adjective ''kinsch'' “childlike” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1287 – ''Kint'' is used for the young of a goose.^(VMNW)

+ * 1292 – ''Alre kinderen dach'', Holy Innocents' Day, is named in Mechelen.^(VMNW)

+ * 1599 – Kiliaan records ''kindsch worden'' “to become childish”.^(EWN)

+ * 17th century – ''Kind noch kraai hebben'' “to have no relatives” is first found.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|child]], a young human being: ''Er speelden veel kinderen op het plein.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A son or daughter, whatever their age: ''Ze hebben drie kinderen, die allemaal in Utrecht wonen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A girl, a young woman.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # An affectionate form of [[m|en|address]]: ''Kind, wat ben je laat!''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A product, a [[m|en|brainchild]]: ''De nieuwe website was echt zijn kindje.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[kinds]]

+ * [[kinderachtig]]

+ * [[kinderlijk]]

+ * [[kinderloos]]

+ * [[kindertijd]]

+ * [[kinderjaren]]

+ * [[kinderopvang]]

+ * [[kinderarts]]

+ * [[kinderboek]]

+ * [[kindermeisje]]

+ * [[geesteskind]]

+ * [[gelukskind]]

+ * [[adoptiefkind]]

+ * [[kerstkind]]

+ * [[enakskind]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[kunne]]

+ * [[koning]]

+ * [[de|Kind]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Het kind met het badwater weggooien'', to throw out the baby with the bathwater, is to reject the good together with the bad.^(Van Dale 2014) ''Kind aan huis zijn'' is to be a frequent visitor somewhere.^(Van Dale 2014) A modern curse wishes someone ''een kind met een koperen kop'', a child with a copper head, that one would have to polish all day.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}