heel Dutch · revision 37171

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1001–1100, Old Dutch|origins=gem-pro *hailaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɦeːl/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''heel''' (comparative heler, superlative heelst)^(Wiktionary)

+ Regional ''hiel''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|heel]], [[inh|odt|hēl]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hail]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hailaz|t=whole, sound]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|hēl|t=healthy]], [[goh|heil]] (modern [[de|heil|t=unhurt]]), [[ofs|hēl]], [[ang|hāl|t=healthy]] (modern [[en|whole]]), [[non|heill]] and [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃|tr=hails|t=healthy]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) English [[m|en|hale]] is a borrowing from the Norse word.^(WNT) A variant with umlaut is the noun [[heil]], and [[heilig]] is derived from the same base.^(EWN)

+

+ Outside Germanic the only certain relatives are Balto-Slavic: [[cu|цѣлъ|tr=cělŭ|t=whole]] and [[prg|kails|t=hail!]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) If the word is Indo-European, the sounds do not quite match: the Germanic forms point to [[ine-pro|*kh₂eilo-]] or ⟨*keh₂ilo-⟩, the Balto-Slavic ones rule out a laryngeal and point to ⟨*keil-⟩.^(EWN) The EWN suggests that these problems and the narrow spread may point to a common source in a pre-Indo-European substrate.^(EWN) Older dictionaries also compare [[cy|coel|t=omen, belief]], and Van Veen and Van der Sijs [[la|caelum|t=sky]];^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen rejects both.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The only Old Dutch record, from the Lower Rhine in the 11th century, has the word in the sense “healthy, healed”: ''tho uuarth he hel'', “then he became well”.^(ONW) In Middle Dutch the sense “healed” is found around 1260 in East Flanders, of a wound that healed in forty days, and “whole, undivided” in a Holland charter of 1289 that speaks of ''een heel bodel'', a whole estate.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''heel'' meant “healthy”, “undamaged”, “whole, undivided” and also “pure, sincere”, as in ''met heelre herten'', “with a whole heart”.^(MNW)^(WNT) ''Een heel bedde'', “a whole bed”, were the children of the same father and mother.^(MNW) The word was less frequent than its synonyms [[geheel]] and [[gans]].^(EWN)^(MNW) Scholars disagree whether the religious sense “blessed, salutary” of the Germanic word grew out of “unhurt”, or the other way round.^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|159)

+

+ The sense “healthy” has died out, but it lives on in the verb [[helen]] “to heal”.^(EWN) Used before a noun, ''heel'' now means “complete, undivided”; after a verb, mostly “intact, not broken”.^(EWN) As an adverb it first meant “entirely”, from late Middle Dutch ''heel ende al'' (1453–1497), and weakened to “very” in the early 17th century.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In the Netherlands spoken ''heel'' and [[helemaal]] have largely replaced ''geheel'', while Belgian Dutch often uses ''gans'' to avoid the colloquial ''heel''.^(EWN)

+

+ The word passed into Negerhollands (''heel'', also “very”), Berbice Dutch (''hele''), Skepi Dutch (''helwel'' “very”), Sranan Tongo (''heri'', earlier ''hele'') and Saramaccan (''híi''), and into Afrikaans [[m|af|heel]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1001–1100 – Old Dutch ''hēl'' “healed” is recorded on the Lower Rhine.^(ONW)

+ * 1220–1240 – Middle Dutch ''heel'' “undamaged, whole” is recorded in the romance of Aiol.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|159)

+ * c. 1260 – ''Heel'' “healed” is used of a wound in East Flanders.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1289 – ''Een heel bodel'' “a whole estate” appears in a Holland charter.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1453–1497 – The adverbial phrase ''heel ende al'' “wholly” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1573 – A dictionary glosses ''heel, oft gants'' with French ''entier, sain''.^(WNT)

+ * 1604 – Adverbial ''heel'' “very” appears.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|whole]], complete, entire: ''We hebben de hele middag gewandeld.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|intact|alt=Intact]], undamaged, not broken: ''Gelukkig was de vaas nog heel.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(informal)'' Considerable, big: ''Verhuizen is een hele klus.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|very|alt=Very]]: ''Het was heel koud die nacht.''^(WikiWoordenboek)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ # Completely, entirely: ''Hij was de afspraak heel vergeten.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[geheel]]

+ * [[heleboel]]

+ * [[helemaal]]

+ * [[helen]]

+ * [[heelal]]

+ * [[helegaar]]

+ * [[heelheid]]

+ * [[heelhuids]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[heil]]

+ * [[heilig]]

+ * [[en|whole]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Er bleef geen spaan van heel'', “not a chip remained whole”, means that nothing at all was left.^(Van Dale 2014) Vercoullie lists a separate adjective ''heel'' “concealed”, from [[helen]] “to hide”.^(Vercoullie 1925)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}