allemaal Dutch · revision 37169

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=c. 1265–1270, Middle Dutch (as altemale)}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈɑləˌmaːl/, [ˈɑləˌmaːɫ], [ˌɑɫəˈmaːɫ]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''allemaal''' (indefinite pronoun and adverb, invariable)^(Wiktionary)^(Van Dale 2014)

+ In speech it is often shortened to ''amaal''.^(Wiktionary)

+ Southern dialects sometimes inflect it as ''allemalen''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a remodelling of older [[altemaal]], [[inh|dum|altemale|t=entirely; all together]], under the influence of ⟨alle⟩, the inflected form of the first part.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The Middle Dutch word joins the intensifying [[al]] of [[aldus]] and [[aldaar]] to the phrase ⟨te male⟩ “at one time, together”, the preposition [[te]] with the dative of [[maal]] “time”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(De Vries 1971) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal explains the loss of ⟨te⟩ by the model of [[allegaar]] beside ⟨altegader⟩, and Franck and Van Wijk make the same comparison.^(WNT)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The same formation is [[gml|altomale]] and [[de|allzumal]].^(MNW) German [[m|de|allemal|t=always]] is a different formation, with the plural of the German word for “all”, meaning “all times”.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle Dutch ''altemale'' is first recorded about 1265 in the life of Saint Lutgard from Brabant, meaning “entirely”: Lutgard ''altemale'' lost the strength of her senses.^(VMNW)^(EWN) The sense “everyone, all of them” follows in the ''Rijmbijbel'' of 1285: ''si verwonnense al te male'', “they defeated them all”.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used ''altemale'' for “entirely”, for “very” and, after a noun or pronoun, for “all together”.^(MNW)^(VMNW) The form ''allemael'' appears in 1616, still meaning “entirely”, a use that the south kept.^(EWN)^(WNT) The modern sense “all persons or things” is recorded in 1784.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ In speech the word came to stand on its own as a pronoun, as in ''de ergste van allemaal'', “the worst of all” (1884), and in elliptical phrases of scorn such as ''wind, allemaal wind'', “wind, nothing but wind” (1784).^(WNT) In the Kempen ''dag allemaal'' was the usual greeting to a group (1936).^(WNT) A separate regional use, “continually”, is recorded from 1626.^(WNT)

+

+ Dutch passed the word to Negerhollands (''allemaal'', ''alma''), Berbice Dutch (''alma'') and Sranan Tongo (''alamala''), and Afrikaans has [[m|af|almal]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1265 – Middle Dutch ''altemale'' “entirely” is recorded in Brabant.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1285 – ''Al te male'' “all of them” appears in the ''Rijmbijbel''.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1287 – The pronoun use is dated.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1616 – The form ''allemael'' is recorded.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+ * 1784 – ''Allemaal'' “all persons or things” is recorded.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+ * 1936 – The greeting ''dag allemaal'' is noted in the Kempen.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # All of them, all of us, [[iedereen|alt=everyone]]: ''We gaan morgen allemaal naar het strand.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Everything, all of it: ''Ze heeft de taart allemaal opgegeten.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+ # ''(informal)'' Nothing but: ''Dat zijn allemaal smoesjes.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Invites a full list: ''Wie waren er allemaal op het feest?''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Determiner===

+ # ''(informal)'' All sorts of: ''Hij vertelde allemaal rare verhalen.''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[altemaal]]

+ * [[allegaar]]

+ * [[helemaal]]

+ * [[al]]

+ * [[maal]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Niet allemaal tegelijk!'', “not all at once!”, tells people to stop talking at the same time, and is said ironically when nobody answers a call to do something.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}