tot Dutch · revision 37166

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /tɔt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tot'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Regional ''tut'' is recorded at Zelhem, Kampen and Ruinen, and in an 18th-century farce as a mark of vulgar Amsterdam speech.^(WNT) ''Toet'', recorded at Kruiningen, Ossendrecht and around Weert, is probably a blend of ''toe'' and ''tot''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|tote]], [[inh|odt|tuote|t=up to]], formed [[af|nl|toe|te]] in a combination whose mostly unstressed vowels were weakened and shortened.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|388)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) Related forms are [[osx|tōte]], [[gml|tōte]] and [[ofs|tot]], and [[goh|zuoza]] has the same combination with full vowels.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(MNW)

+

+ Used as a conjunction meaning “until”, the word is short for [[totdat]], with [[dat]] left out.^(WNT)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(EWN) Middle Dutch already used the shorter form in this way.^(WNT)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms the king shall rule “from the river up to the ends of the earth”: ''in fan fluode untes to te gemerke ringis erthono''.^(ONW)^(EWN) The Old Dutch glosses collected by Lipsius also give ''tothiti'' for Latin ''apud'' “at”.^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used ''tote'' of time, as in ''tote nu'' “until now” (1236), and of place, as in ''toter erden'' “down to the ground” (1237).^(EWN)^(VMNW) With people it marked direction, ''Die tote v sendde minen bode'' “who sent my messenger to you” (1265–1270), and it followed verbs of speaking.^(EWN)^(VMNW) It could also mean “for the benefit of” (1295) and “belonging to” (1297), and its conjunction use is found in Bruges in 1277.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ Older Dutch also used ''tot'' for “at”, as in ''tot Gent'', but 17th-century grammarians drew an artificial line between ''tot'' and ''te''.^(EWN) In the north, ''tot'' “to (a place or person)” is now formal, while Flemish uses it more widely, as in ''tot bij iemand gaan''.^(WNT) In Suriname ''tot iemand spreken'' is ordinary speech, and a telephone call is answered with ''tot'' and one's name, short for ''u spreekt tot'' “you are speaking to”.^(Van Donselaar 1989)^(Wiktionary) As a noun, ''tot'' names the particle in noble titles: in 1878 Holland was mocked for its long names joined by ''vans en tots''.^(WNT)

+

+ The word lives on in Afrikaans [[m|af|tot]], Negerhollands (''tot'', ''tee'') and Berbice Dutch (''tutu'').^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''tuote'' “up to” appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''tote nu'' “until now” is recorded.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1277 – ''Tote'' “until” is used as a conjunction in Bruges.^(VMNW)

+ * 1297 – ''Tot'' “belonging to” appears.^(EWN)

+ * 1878 – The noun ''tot'' is used of the particle in noble titles.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|as far as]], up to: marking the furthest point: ''De weg loopt tot de rivier.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|until]]: marking the end of a period.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) ''Ik werk tot vijf uur.'' ''Tot nu toe'' means so far, and ''tot ziens'' is “goodbye”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Up to an amount or degree: ''Kinderen tot twaalf jaar mogen gratis naar binnen.''^(Van Dale 2014) ''Tot en met'' means up to and including.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To, towards a person or thing, in more formal language: ''Hij richtte zich tot de zaal.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+ # For, as: marking purpose, result, or a new state or function: ''Ze werd tot voorzitter gekozen.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # Until, till: ''Blijf binnen tot het ophoudt met regenen.''^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[totdat]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[toe]]

+ * [[te]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}