brengen Dutch · revision 37160

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *bʰrenk-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈbrɛŋə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''brengen''' (past tense ''bracht'', past participle ''gebracht'')^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ Older and dialect past forms are ''brocht'' and ''gebrocht'', and West Flemish has strong ''brong'' and ''gebrongen''.^(WNT) The southern form ''bringen'' was the usual one in Middle Dutch.^(WNT)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|brengen]] (usually ⟨bringen⟩ in Middle Dutch), [[inh|odt|bringan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*bringan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*bringaną|t=to bring]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) Proto-Germanic had a strong verb and a weak verb side by side: the strong one is [[osx|bringan]], [[goh|bringan]] (modern [[de|bringen]]), [[ang|bringan]] (modern [[en|bring]]) and [[got|𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=briggan]], the weak one [[m|osx|brengian]], [[ofs|brenga]] and [[m|ang|brengan]], from [[gmw-pro|*brangian]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The forms with ⟨e⟩ belong to the weak verb and spread into the standard language from the northern and eastern dialects, while southern Dutch kept ⟨bringen⟩.^(WNT)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The past tense ⟨bracht⟩ goes back to [[gem-pro|*branhta-]], with the loss of ⟨n⟩ before ⟨h⟩.^(EWN) The word is missing in North Germanic: Danish and Swedish took theirs from Dutch or Low German.^(De Vries 1971)^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Vercoullie 1925)

+

+ The only cognates outside Germanic seem to be Celtic and Tocharian, such as [[cy|hebrwng|t=to bring, lead]], which point to [[ine-pro|*bʰrenk-]]; its further origin is obscure.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) De Vries thought it might be a substrate word.^(De Vries 1971) Others take it as an extension of [[ine-pro|*bʰer-|t=to carry]], the root of [[baren]], or as a blend of that root with one meaning “to reach”, which Kroonen thinks possible and De Vries called too contrived.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|86)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century use the verb for kings bringing gifts, and ''brahtos'', “you brought”, for being led out of the depths.^(ONW)^(EWN) Around 1100 it also meant to make an offering and to lead someone into a state.^(ONW) In the 13th century it meant to carry something to a place, as in a Ghent statute of 1236 on bringing food into the leper house.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Only weak forms are recorded in Old and Middle Dutch, and the Middle Dutch past participle usually lacked ''ge-''.^(EWN)^(WNT) Already in Middle Dutch the verb was used with many adverbs and prepositions, ''ombrengen'' “to kill” among them, and it has formed a large family of separable verbs.^(MNW)^(Wiktionary) The WNT describes it as the opposite of [[halen]]: ''brengen'' looks at the place one goes to, ''halen'' at the place one fetches from.^(WNT)

+

+ In the 20th century ''brengen'' came to mean “to publish, broadcast, perform” (a paper ''brengt'' a report, the radio ''brengt'' a concert), long criticised as a germanism after German ''bringen'' until Van Dale accepted it.^(Theissen 1978) The ironic ''morgen brengen!'', “that won't happen!”, is known in north and south.^(Stoett 1923)^(Van Dale 2014) The verb passed into the Dutch creoles: Negerhollands ''breng'', Berbice Dutch ''bringgi'' and Sranan ''bringi''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''bringon'' in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+ * 1201 – First Middle Dutch record, from the Lower Rhine.^(VMNW)

+ * 1236 – ''Bringen'' in a Ghent statute.^(EWN)

+ * 1254 – The form ''brengen'' appears.^(EWN)

+ * 1573 – ''Te water, te peerde, oft te wagen bringhen'', carrying goods by water, horse or cart.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To take or carry something to a person or place, to [[m|en|bring]]: ''Ik breng je de boeken morgen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To accompany someone somewhere: ''Zij brengt de kinderen naar school.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To [[m|en|deliver]], to let something reach someone.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To put into a position or state: ''iets in orde brengen'', to set something right.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(sports)'' To introduce young players gradually to the top level.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To present or put something in a certain way: ''Hij bracht het nieuws voorzichtig.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To publish, broadcast or perform.^(Theissen 1978)^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[brenger]]

+ * [[aanbrengen]]

+ * [[afbrengen]]

+ * [[bijbrengen]]

+ * [[doorbrengen]]

+ * [[inbrengen]]

+ * [[medebrengen]]

+ * [[meebrengen]]

+ * [[ombrengen]]

+ * [[onderbrengen]]

+ * [[opbrengen]]

+ * [[overbrengen]]

+ * [[samenbrengen]]

+ * [[teweegbrengen]]

+ * [[voortbrengen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|bring]]

+ * [[de|bringen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}