af Dutch · revision 37159

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=701–800, Old Dutch (Lex Salica glosses)|origins=ine-pro *h₂epó}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɑf/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''af'''^(Wiktionary)

+ The dialect form ''of'' is the only or usual one in the Veluwe, the Achterhoek, Overijssel, Drenthe and Groningen.^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The older long form ''ave'' was still used in the 16th century and is obsolete since the 17th.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|af]] (oldest ⟨ave⟩), [[inh|odt|ava]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*ab]], [[inh|gem-pro|*ab|t=away from]], which the EWN writes ⟨*aba⟩.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) The same word is [[osx|af]], [[goh|aba]] (modern [[de|ab]]), [[ofs|of]] (modern [[fy|ôf]]), [[ang|of]] (modern [[en|of]] and [[en|off]]), [[non|af]] and [[got|𐌰𐍆|tr=af]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971) Outside Germanic it matches [[la|ab]], [[grc|ἀπό|tr=apó]], [[sa|अप|tr=ápa]] and [[hit|appa]], from [[ine-pro|*h₂epó|t=away from]].^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ The long form survives in [[averechts]].^(EWN)^(Vercoullie 1925) In Old Dutch ⟨ava⟩ was still a preposition, but Middle Dutch used it only as an adverb: its place as a preposition was taken by [[van]], which the WNT derives from a compound of ⟨af⟩ and ⟨aan⟩.^(EWN)^(WNT)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word is first recorded as an adverb of place in the Old Dutch glosses of the Lex Salica, of the 8th century.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(WikiWoordenboek) The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century have it once as a preposition, ''aua thi'' “away from you”, and also as the prefix ''af-''.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used ''ave'', ''af'' and ''of'' side by side, often in the same text, with ''of'' common in Holland; the form ''af'' appears from 1230.^(MNW)^(EWN) It was frequent in pronominal adverbs, ''hier af'' and ''daer af'' where modern Dutch has ''hiervan'' and ''daarvan''.^(MNW)

+

+ The sense “finished, at an end” first appears in 1618, in ''ons kluwen is schier of'', “our ball of yarn is nearly done”, and in ''wy moetender oock of'', “we too must go”, of dying.^(EWN)^(WNT) From the same sense came ''af'' “completed, perfect”, said of work without a fault.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014) In Dutch Jewish usage ''af'' was said of a courtship that had been broken off.^(Van de Kamp 2006)

+

+ Indonesian took over ''af pabrik'', “ex factory”, of a price without tax, and Ambonese Malay uses ''af'' for a relationship that has ended.^(Van der Sijs 2010) Many Dutch verbs with ''af-'' were borrowed into Indonesian too, such as ''afdeling'' and ''afdruk''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 701–800 – First record, in the Lex Salica glosses.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 901–1000 – ''Aua thi'' “away from you” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1230 – Middle Dutch ''af'' is first recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1540 – ''Ave'' is still in use.^(WNT)

+ * 1618 – First record of the sense “finished”.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|off]], away from a point: ''De vogel vloog van het dak af.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # From a point on, with ''van'': ''van jongs af'', from childhood.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Separated or rid of: ''Ik ben eindelijk van die verkoudheid af.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # [[m|en|down]], downward: ''Ze rende de trap af.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # After ''op'': towards, straight at: ''Hij liep op de deur af.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(predicative)'' [[m|en|finished]], done: ''Is je verslag al af?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(predicative)'' Worn out.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(games)'' Out, no longer in play.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[afbreuk]]

+ * [[afleiden]]

+ * [[aftrekken]]

+ * [[afkeer]]

+ * [[afbakenen]]

+ * [[afbijten]]

+ * [[afbreken]]

+ * [[afbraak]]

+ * [[afbrokkelen]]

+ * [[afduwen]]

+ * [[afdwalen]]

+ * [[averechts]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[van]]

+ * [[en|off]]

+ * [[de|ab]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Af en toe'' means “now and then”, and ''af en aan'' “to and fro”.^(Wiktionary)^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}