lang Dutch · revision 37153

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=788–789, Old Dutch (place name Langenrech)|origins=ine-pro *longʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /lɑŋ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''lang''' (comparative langer, superlative langst)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|lanc]], [[inh|odt|lang]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*lang]], [[inh|gem-pro|*langaz|t=long]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|lang]], [[goh|lang]] (modern [[de|lang]]), [[ofs|lang]], [[ang|lang]] (modern [[en|long]]), [[non|langr]] and [[got|𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃|tr=laggs]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) It is related to [[la|longus|t=long]] and the name element [[xtg|longo-]], from [[ine-pro|*longʰ-]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ A wider Indo-European word for “long” is [[m|ine-pro|*delh₁gʰ-]], the source of [[grc|δολιχός|tr=dolikhós]], [[sa|दीर्घ|tr=dīrghá]], [[cu|длъгъ|tr=dlŭgŭ]], [[lt|ilgas]] and [[hit|daluki]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The Philippa dictionary calls the link between the two roots very difficult in form, since it needs the loss of the ⟨d⟩ and of the laryngeal and a nasal infix, but finds it likely because the meaning is the same and the two groups never occur in the same language.^(EWN) Kroonen explains the Germanic word as a nasalised variant of that root.^(Kroonen 2013) The idea that the Germanic and Latin words were borrowed from a pre-Indo-European language is, the Philippa dictionary says, unlikely.^(EWN)

+

+ The old adverb was Middle Dutch [[m|dum|langhe]], still used in West Flemish and kept in the phrase ⟨bij lange na niet⟩ “not by a long way”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The adjective is first found in Old Dutch place names: ''Langenrech'', now Langerak in Gelderland, “long watercourse”, in a document of 788–789 known from a 13th-century copy, and ''Langlo'' “long wood” on the Veluwe in 855.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The adverb ''lango'' “for a long time” appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''lanc'' was used of length and of duration alike, as the adjective still is.^(EWN)^(VMNW) In the 13th century it could stand before a personal name as a nickname, as ''langhe jan'' “tall John” in Bruges in 1280, and ''lang'' still means “tall” of people.^(VMNW)^(Wiktionary) Middle Dutch also used ''lanc'' as a noun, “length”.^(MNW) On the Zaan a noun ''lang'' is the stringy quality of old rye bread.^(WNT)

+

+ ''Lange armen hebben'', to have a long reach, power, goes back to the Middle Ages.^(Stoett 1923) With a negative the adverb means “by far”: ''lang niet slecht'', not bad at all.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) In Surinamese Dutch ''iets langs'' is a long, weak drink.^(Van Donselaar 1989) The adjective lives on in Afrikaans [[m|af|lank]], in Negerhollands and Berbice Dutch, and in Sranan Tongo ''langa''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 788–789 – The Old Dutch place name ''Langenrech'' (Langerak).^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 855 – ''Langlo'', a place on the Veluwe.^(EWN)

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch adverb ''lango'' “long” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * c. 1200 – Middle Dutch ''lanc''.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|220)

+ * 1240 – ''Lanc'' glosses Latin ''procerus'' “tall”.^(VMNW)

+ * 1280 – ''Langhe jan'', a nickname, in Bruges.^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|long]]: having great length.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Having a stated length: ''twee meter lang''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Of people: [[m|en|tall]].^(Wiktionary)

+ # Long in time, [[m|en|lengthy]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Lasting a stated time: ''iets niet langer doen'', to stop doing something.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # With a negative: by far, not at all: ''lang niet gek'', quite good.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[langen]]

+ * [[lengte]]

+ * [[verlangen]]

+ * [[langs]]

+ * [[lankmoedig]]

+ * [[langwerpig]]

+ * [[dagenlang]]

+ * [[eeuwenlang]]

+ * [[jarenlang]]

+ * [[langdradig]]

+ * [[langdurig]]

+ * [[langgerekt]]

+ * [[langzaam]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[lengen]]

+ * [[en|long]]

+ * [[de|lang]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Bij lange na niet'', “not by a long way”, keeps the old adverb ''langhe''.^(EWN) ''Het is zo lang als het breed is'' means that it comes to the same thing.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}