weer Dutch · revision 37149

+ Dutch has several words spelled ''weer''.^(EWN)^(WNT) The three treated here are numbered as in the Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands: the adverb “again”, the noun “weather” and the noun “defence”.^(EWN) Each goes back to an older ''weder'' or ''were'' of its own.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ {{homograph|1|again}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *wi-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʋeːr/, [weːr], [β̞eːr]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''weer'''^(Wiktionary)

+ The full form ''weder'' held its own in writing into the 20th century, mainly in formal or archaic style, while ''weer'' was the only spoken form.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The adverb is [[inh|dum|weder]], [[inh|odt|withero]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*wiþr]], [[inh|gem-pro|*wiþrą|t=against]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Orel 2003) The contracted ⟨weer⟩, with the ⟨d⟩ between vowels lost, already appears in later Middle Dutch.^(WNT)^(EWN) The same word is [[osx|wiðar]], [[goh|widar]] (modern [[de|wieder|t=again]] and [[m|de|wider|t=against]]), [[ofs|wither]], [[ang|wiþer]], [[non|viðr]] and [[got|𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰|tr=wiþra|t=against]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Orel 2003) In all the old Germanic languages it was a preposition meaning “against, opposite”; the continental West Germanic languages also used it early as an adverb “back, in the opposite direction”.^(EWN) From that came “again”.^(EWN) A shorter form of the preposition gave [[osx|wið]], [[ang|wiþ]] (modern [[en|with]]) and [[non|við]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ The Germanic form goes back to [[ine-pro|*wi-tero-]], built with the contrastive suffix [[m|ine-pro|*-tero-]] that is also in [[achter]] and [[ander]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) Its base [[m|ine-pro|*wi-|t=apart]], perhaps from a word for “in two”, is in [[ae|vi-|t=apart, aside]] and [[m|ae|vītarəm|t=sideways]].^(EWN)^(Orel 2003)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''wither'' is first a preposition, “against”, in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century: ''fan hendi uuither uuitut uuirkindes'', “from the hand of him who acts against the law”.^(EWN) The adverb ''withero'' “back, again” is in the same psalms, in ''uuithere brahtos mi'', “you brought me back”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) Early Middle Dutch ''weder'' meant both “back” and “again”: ''Die weder ter wereld willen keren'', “who want to return to the world” (1236).^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As a preposition ''we(d)er'' “against” has long been obsolete; a 1610 text still has ''te weder'' “contrary to”.^(EWN)^(WNT) The old sense survives in compounds such as [[weerstaan]] “to resist”, [[weerleggen]] “to refute”, [[weerspannig]] “recalcitrant” and [[weerzin]] “aversion”.^(EWN) The sense “back” lives on in fixed phrases (''heen en weer'' “to and fro”, ''over en weer'' “on both sides”) and in compounds such as [[weerklinken]] “to echo” and [[weerspiegelen]] “to reflect”; in West Flemish it is still a free sense of the adverb.^(EWN)^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ The everyday sense today is “again”, which in compounds is usually expressed by the prefix [[her-]] instead; [[weerzien]] and [[wederopbouw]] are exceptions.^(EWN) The EWN does not rule out German influence on some compounds, such as [[weergeven]].^(EWN) The adverb was taken into Negerhollands and Berbice Dutch.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''uuither'' “against” and ''uuithere'' “back” appear in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Withere'' “again” is in Williram's paraphrase of the Song of Songs.^(EWN)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''weder'' “back” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1285 – The contracted form ''weer'' appears.^(EWN)

+ * 1610 – ''Te weder'' “contrary to” is among the last uses of the old preposition.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|again]], once more: ''Morgen gaan we weer naar school.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|back]], in return, only in fixed phrases: ''heen en weer'', ''over en weer''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[alweer]]

+ * [[wederom]]

+ * [[weerga]]

+ * [[weerhaak]]

+ * [[weerklinken]]

+ * [[weerleggen]]

+ * [[weerspannig]]

+ * [[weerspiegelen]]

+ * [[weerstaan]]

+ * [[weerzien]]

+ * [[weerzin]]

+ * [[wederopbouw]]

+ * [[wederdoper]]

+ * [[wedergeboorte]]

+ * [[wederhelft]]

+ * [[weergeven]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|weather}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1240, Middle Dutch (Limburg)|origins=gem-pro *wedrą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʋeːr/, [weːr], [β̞eːr]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''weer''' ''n'' (uncountable, diminutive weertje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ The older form ''weder'' survived in formal and literary language;^(WNT) ''weer'' has long been the usual spoken form and is used in almost all recent compounds.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The weather noun is [[inh|dum|weder]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*wedr]], [[inh|gem-pro|*wedrą]]; ⟨weer⟩ arose from ⟨weder⟩ by loss of the ⟨d⟩ between vowels.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|wedar|t=weather, wind, storm]], [[goh|wetar]] (modern [[de|Wetter]]), [[ofs|weder]] (modern [[fy|waar]]), [[ang|weder]] (modern [[en|weather]]) and [[non|veðr]] (modern [[sv|väder]]).^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Its further origin is uncertain.^(EWN) The nearest relative is a Slavic word for fine weather, [[sla-pro|*vedro]], which points to a common [[ine-pro|*wedʰrom]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) De Vries and the WNT derive it from the root of [[waaien]] “to blow”, but the EWN thinks a link with that root, and with words such as [[lt|vė́tra|t=storm]], unlikely.^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle Dutch ''weder'' is first recorded around 1240 in Limburg, meaning “weather, storm, air”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(VMNW) A West Flemish text of 1287 tells of bees that watch the stars to know whether the weather will turn bad.^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Thirteenth-century texts already speak of ''droghe weder'' “dry weather” and ''quaet weder'' “bad weather”.^(VMNW) The contracted form ''weer'' is recorded from 1470.^(EWN) The word now mostly has the neutral sense “state of the atmosphere”, but in older and dialect use it can still mean “storm, shower”, as it did in Middle Dutch.^(EWN)

+

+ A second sense, damage to cloth or other material from light and damp, is kept in ''het weer zit erin''.^(Van Dale 2014) The weather word was borrowed into Ambonese Malay, Manado Malay, Papiamentu, Sranan Tongo and Aukan.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1240 – Middle Dutch ''weder'' “weather” is first recorded.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1282 – ''Droghe weder'' “dry weather” in a Bruges text.^(VMNW)

+ * 1470 – The contracted form ''weer'' appears.^(EWN)

+ * 1516 – ''Dweer was bequame'', “the weather was pleasant”, describes a clear, mild day.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|weather]]: the state of the [[m|en|atmosphere]] at a place and time, its temperature, wind, cloud and rain: ''Wat voor weer wordt het morgen?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Deterioration of a material caused by light and damp, in ''het weer zit erin''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[onweer]]

+ * [[weerbericht]]

+ * [[weersverwachting]]

+ * [[weerman]]

+ * [[regenweer]]

+ * [[hondenweer]]

+ * [[weerkundig]]

+

+ {{homograph|3|defence}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch|origins=gem-pro *wari-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʋeːr/, [weːr], [β̞eːr]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''weer''' ''f'' (plural weren, diminutive weertje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle Dutch had ''were'' beside ''weer'' and ''werre'';^(WNT) ''were'' is still found regionally, especially in Flanders.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The noun meaning “defence” is [[inh|dum|were]], [[inh|odt|weri]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*warī]], [[inh|gem-pro|*wari-|t=defence]], a noun formed from the verb that became [[weren]] “to ward off”.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(WNT) The same word is [[osx|weri]] and [[goh|werī]] (modern [[de|Wehr]]), and [[ofs|were]] (modern [[fy|war]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''weri'' is recorded around 1100 in Williram's paraphrase, ''thiu were'', “the bulwark, the rampart walk”.^(EWN) Early Middle Dutch has ''do scuopen Di anderen sic tewere'', “then the others prepared to defend themselves” (1250), and ''sonder were'', “without resistance” (1265–1270).^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch ''were'' meant resistance, defence, a fortification, a weapon and a fight.^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|432) As a free noun the word survives mostly in poetry, but it remains common in set phrases with a verb.^(WNT) ''Zich te weer stellen'' “to defend oneself” is found around 1538, and ''in de weer'' “busy, active” already in 1569.^(EWN) It also lives on in compounds such as [[verweer]], [[afweer]], [[landweer]] and [[brandweer]].^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''were'' “bulwark” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1250 – Middle Dutch ''tewere'' “in defence”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * c. 1538 – ''Ter werre stellen'', the phrase now ''zich te weer stellen''.^(EWN)

+ * 1569 – ''In de weer'' “busy” is first recorded.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(literary)'' [[m|en|defence]], [[m|en|resistance]].^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In ''zich te weer stellen'': to defend oneself, put up resistance.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+ # In ''in de weer zijn'': to be busy, bustling about.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[verweer]]

+ * [[afweer]]

+ * [[landweer]]

+ * [[brandweer]]

+ * [[borstweer]]

+ * [[zeeweer]]

+ * [[tegenweer]]

+ * [[weerloos]]

+ * [[weerbaar]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[weren]]

+ * [[en|with]]

+ * [[en|weather]]

+ * [[de|wieder]]

+ * [[de|Wetter]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Other words spelled ''weer'' are now dialectal or obsolete.^(WNT) ''Weer'' “wether, castrated ram” is Middle Dutch ''weder'', akin to [[de|Widder]] and [[en|wether]]; it is old-fashioned but still regional.^(WNT)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Dale 2014) ''Weer'' “callus, hard skin” survives in Flanders, Zeeland and North Brabant.^(WNT)^(Debrabandere 2005)^(Van Dale 2014) A fishing ''weer'', a fence of stakes and wickerwork in the water, is the word in [[en|weir]].^(WNT)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|432) In North Holland a ''weer'' is a long strip of land between two ditches.^(WNT)^(ONW) In West Flemish ''weer'' is also a conjunction “whether”, the old ''weder'' akin to [[en|whether]].^(Debrabandere 2002)^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}