huis Dutch · revision 37141

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=793, Old Dutch (place name Bidningahusum, in a 10th-century copy)|origins=gem-pro *hūsą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɦœy̯s/, [ɦɐʏ̯s̠]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Netherlands: [ɦɜʏ̯s̠]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Belgium: [ɦœːs]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''huis''' ''n'' (plural huizen, diminutive huisje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ In eastern and south-eastern dialects there is or was a plural ''huizeren''.^(WNT) The old dative ''huize'' survives in fixed phrases such as ''van goeden huize''.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|huus]], [[inh|odt|hūs]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hūs]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hūsą|alt=*hūsa-]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|hūs]], [[goh|hūs]] (modern [[de|Haus]]), [[ofs|hūs]] (modern [[fy|hûs]]), [[ang|hūs]] (modern [[en|house]]), [[non|hús]], and the second part of [[got|𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌷𐌿𐍃|tr=gudhūs|t=temple]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Kroonen 2013) From the noun Germanic formed a verb, Middle Dutch [[m|dum|husen]] (modern [[huizen]]), [[goh|hūsōn]] and [[ang|hūsian]].^(EWN) Slavic borrowed the noun: [[cs|chýše|t=hut]] continues it.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ There are no certain cognates outside Germanic.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) The most likely explanation takes the word back to [[ine-pro|*kuH-s-]], an extension with ⟨-s-⟩ of the zero grade of the root [[ine-pro|*(s)kewH-|t=to cover, wrap]], the root of [[schuilen]] and [[schuur]]; an original meaning “shelter” would fit the neuter gender.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) With ⟨-t-⟩ instead of ⟨-s-⟩, the same root would give [[huid]] and perhaps [[hut]].^(EWN) De Vries compares [[grc|κύστις|tr=kústis|t=bladder, pouch]] and [[lt|kiaušė|t=skull]], and [[m|non|hauss|t=skull]] beside the noun.^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|171) The older comparison with [[grc|κεύθω|tr=keúthō|t=to hide]] is ruled out, Kroonen argues, because that root had no laryngeal.^(Kroonen 2013)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Alternatively the word may have been borrowed from a pre-Indo-European language with a new kind of building, since there must have been an older word for “house”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word first appears in place names: ''Bidningahusum'', a lost place in Gelderland, is recorded in 793 in a 10th-century copy, and names in ''-husen'' became productive in the 8th and 9th centuries.^(EWN)^(Van Berkel & Samplonius 2018) As a word on its own, Old Dutch ''hūs'' “house, homestead” is found in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, in ''an huse godes'' “in the house of God”.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''huus'' meant a dwelling from the early 13th century, a building in general by 1240, a palace in 1250 (''di hoge koníng artus … in sínen hus'') and the building of an institution, as the leper house of Ghent in 1236.^(EWN) It could also mean a castle, and it was paired with ''hof'' in ''huus ende hof'', house and yard.^(MNW) ''Te huus'' “at home” is the source of [[thuis]].^(MNW)

+

+ Modern Dutch also uses the word for a family or dynasty, a firm, and a casing or shell, as in ''ons aardse huis'' “our earthly house”, the body.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek) Two uses were borrowed from German: ''een uitverkocht huis'' “a full house” in a theatre was still felt as a Germanism in the 1970s, and ''van huis uit'' “originally, by nature”, after ''von Haus aus'', was criticised by the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal.^(Theissen 1978)^(Moortgat 1925)

+

+ The diminutive ''huisken'' was borrowed into English as [[m|en|husk]], “the shell of a fruit or seed”, recorded since 1398.^(De Vries 1971) Dutch ''huis'' went into Negerhollands (''hoes'', ''hus'', ''huus''), from which Virgin Islands Creole has ''hus'', and into Javindo, Petjo and Chinese Malay.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 793 – The place name ''Bidningahusum'' is recorded, in a 10th-century copy.^(EWN)

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''hūs'' appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1201–1225 – Middle Dutch ''huus'' “dwelling” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1236 – The leper house of Ghent shows the sense “building of an institution”.^(EWN)

+ * 1250 – The word is used for King Arthur's palace.^(EWN)

+ * 1254 – The derived verb ''husen'' “to give shelter” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1398 – English ''husk'', from the Dutch diminutive, is first recorded.^(De Vries 1971)

+ * 1971 – ''Een uitverkocht huis'' is noted as a Germanism.^(Theissen 1978)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|house]], a building used as a home, shop or office: ''Ze kochten een oud huis aan de gracht.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Home, the place where one lives: ''Ik ga naar huis.''^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A family line, a [[m|en|dynasty]], as in ''het koninklijk huis''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|firm]], a business house.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # A [[m|en|casing]] or housing that holds something.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A chamber of a legislature.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(astrology)'' One of the twelve houses of a horoscope.^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[blokhuis]]

+ * [[gasthuis]]

+ * [[huismerk]]

+ * [[klokhuis]]

+ * [[warenhuis]]

+ * [[tweehuizig]]

+ * [[huisbakken]]

+ * [[huishouden]]

+ * [[aanloophuis]]

+ * [[badhuis]]

+ * [[bedehuis]]

+ * [[bejaardenhuis]]

+ * [[thuis]]

+ * [[huiselijk]]

+ * [[verhuizen]]

+ * [[huizen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[huid]]

+ * [[schuilen]]

+ * [[schuur]]

+ * [[en|house]]

+ * [[de|Haus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Van goeden huize komen'' means to come of a good family, and also to be very good at something.^(Van Dale 2014) ''Ver van huis zijn'', recorded since the 16th century, means to be far from the truth.^(Stoett 1923) ''Er zijn meer huizen dan kerken'' says that there is choice enough elsewhere.^(WNT)^(Stoett 1923) ''Niet om over naar huis te schrijven'' is a loan translation of English ''nothing to write home about''.^(Van der Sijs 2005) Sailors called their ship ''huis'', and to bring the anchor ''t'huis'' was to heave it up.^(Winschoten 1681)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}