geld Dutch · revision 37140

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=776–800, Utrecht baptismal vow (Old Dutch)|origins=gem-pro *geldaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɣɛlt/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Dutch, Northern: [xɛlt]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Dutch, Southern: [ɣɛlt]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''geld''' ''n'' (plural gelden, no diminutive)^(Wiktionary)

+ The plural ''gelden'' “sums of money, funds” is recorded since Middle Dutch.^(MNW)^(WNT) The diminutive is ''geldje'', in older and popular use also ''gelletje''.^(WNT)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|gelt]], [[inh|odt|geld]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*geld]], [[inh|gem-pro|*geldą|t=payment, compensation]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The noun is formed from the root of [[gelden]] in its old sense “to pay, compensate”, and [[gilde]] belongs with it.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|136) The same word is [[osx|geld|t=reward, payment, sacrifice]], [[goh|gelt|t=compensation]] (modern [[de|Geld]]), [[ofs|jeld|t=money, payment]] (modern [[fy|jild]]), [[ang|gield|t=payment, tribute, sacrifice]], [[non|gjald|t=payment, fine]] and [[got|𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌳|tr=gild|t=tax]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Wiktionary takes the Germanic root back to [[ine-pro|*gʰeldʰ-|t=to pay]], a root that Köbler finds only in Germanic and Slavic, and with a query.^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler ANFRK)

+

+ The meaning “money” is secondary.^(EWN) The word first meant a payment, often in kind, owed to the community or as compensation, and it was also the name for a shared sacrifice, as in [[weergeld]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The sense “coin, money” arose only after coins were struck, and it is limited to continental West Germanic and Frisian.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is Old Dutch: the Utrecht baptismal vow of the late 8th century renounces ''allum diobolgelde'', “every sacrifice to the devil”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) Middle Dutch ''ghelt'' “sum, amount” appears in 1254, and a quotation from Antwerp dated 1248 already speaks of things bought ''met haers selues gelde'', “with her own money”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch still used ''gelt'' for a payment or reward, as in ''comt noch ten swaren gelde'' “will yet come at a heavy price” (1339), next to the sense “money” as a means of payment and as wealth.^(MNW) Charters of the 13th century distinguish good current money from bad, and ''ghereet ghelt'' “ready money” is cash (1285).^(VMNW) The plural ''gelden'', sums of money, appears in 1434.^(MNW)

+

+ Modern Dutch has many phrases with the word, some of them translated: ''tijd is geld'' renders English ''time is money'' of the 18th century, ''geen geld, geen Zwitsers'' French ''point d'argent, point de Suisses'' and ''je geld of je leven'' English ''your money or your life''.^(Stoett 1923)^(Van der Sijs 2005) Jewish Dutch had a large slang vocabulary for coins and sums.^(Van de Kamp 2006)

+

+ English slang ''gelt'' comes from Dutch or German, and French once had ''guelte'', a commission on sales.^(Van der Sijs 2010) The word went into Negerhollands and Skepi Dutch (''galti''), and through Afrikaans into South African English, Sotho and Venda.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 776–800 – Old Dutch ''diobolgelde'' “sacrifice to the devil” appears in the Utrecht baptismal vow.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1248 – An Antwerp text uses ''gelt'' for money.^(VMNW)

+ * 1254 – Middle Dutch ''ghelt'' “amount” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1285 – ''Ghereet ghelt'' “ready money” appears in Dordrecht.^(VMNW)

+ * 1434 – The plural ''gelden'' “sums of money” is recorded.^(MNW)

+ * c. 1885 – The Belgian ''geldbeugel'' “purse” is recorded.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|money]], the means of payment in coins and notes: ''Ik heb geen geld bij me.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Wealth, capital: ''Die familie heeft veel geld.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # A sum of money, an amount; in the plural ''gelden'', funds: ''de publieke gelden''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[geldig]]

+ * [[weergeld]]

+ * [[geldelijk]]

+ * [[geldschieter]]

+ * [[geldbelegging]]

+ * [[geldboete]]

+ * [[geldbuidel]]

+ * [[geldgebrek]]

+ * [[geldgierig]]

+ * [[geldhandel]]

+ * [[geldkist]]

+ * [[geldlening]]

+ * [[geldbeugel]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gelden]]

+ * [[gilde]]

+ * [[vergelden]]

+ * [[de|Geld]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Bulken van het geld'' means to be very rich;^(Stoett 1923) ''bulken'' here probably meant “to belch”.^(Stoett 1923) A homograph, the adjective ''geld'' “not with young, giving no milk” (of cows and other female animals), is recorded in Bruges in 1300 and survived in North Holland.^(VMNW)^(WNT) It is of uncertain origin: it may be connected with a Germanic verb for bewitching, as barrenness in cattle was put down to witchcraft, or with a root meaning “to cut”.^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936) Wiktionary takes it as a probable borrowing from Old Norse.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}