terug Dutch · revision 37138

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=1290–1310, Middle Dutch (as te rughe)}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /təˈrʏx/, /trʏx/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''terug'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle Dutch wrote it separately, ''te rugge'', and poets kept that form for the metre into modern times.^(WNT)^(EWN) The usual Middle Dutch word was ''achter rugge''.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|nl|te|rug|t1=to|t2=back]], from the Middle Dutch phrase [[m|dum|te rugghe|t=away from oneself, backwards]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT) The original meaning was “towards the back”.^(WNT) [[gml|to rugge]] and [[goh|ze rucke]] (modern [[de|zurück]]) have the same make-up and also came to mean “backwards”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ In Middle Dutch the form was still rare and seems to have been used mainly in the south-east, in the Teuthonista and the Limburg Sermons, while the west said ⟨achter rugghe⟩; from there it spread after the Middle Ages.^(WNT)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971) The noun for “back” gave words for “backwards” elsewhere too, as [[gem-pro|*baka-|t=back]] did in [[fy|tebek]], [[en|back]] and [[sv|tillbaka]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is in a text of 1290–1310: ''van dengenen die Gode te rughe werpen'' “of those who cast God behind them”, that is, reject him.^(EWN) The sense “back to where one came from” is recorded in 1376–1400.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ A late Middle Dutch text of 1465–1485 has ''wy doen se alle wederkeren te rugge'' “we make them all turn back”, and in 1544 a horse ''spranc te rugge'', jumped backwards.^(EWN) From the 16th century the word was used more and more, mostly in compound verbs such as ''terugkomen'' and ''teruggeven''.^(WNT) The plain sense “backwards” is rare and was even suspected of being a Germanism after ''zurück''.^(WNT)

+

+ A movement back leads to the earlier situation again, which explains the sense “again”, much more widespread in Belgium than in the Netherlands; it is recorded in 1867.^(EWN)^(Van Dale 2014) The modern dictionaries also record the sense “earlier, ago”, as in ''een paar jaar terug''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) ''Terug naar af'' “back to square one” comes from the game of Monopoly, and ''weer helemaal terug'' “popular again” was new in 1982.^(Reinsma 1984)

+

+ The word went into Javindo (''teruh''), Petjo (''truh'') and Negerhollands (''teryg''), and Afrikaans has ''terug''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1290–1310 – ''Te rughe'' is first recorded, in “to cast God behind one”.^(EWN)

+ * 1376–1400 – The sense “backwards, back” is recorded.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * 1465–1485 – ''Wederkeren te rugge'' “to turn back” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1544 – A horse ''spranc te rugge'', jumped backwards.^(EWN)

+ * 1867 – The Belgian sense “again” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1982 – ''Weer helemaal terug'' “back in fashion” appears in the press.^(Reinsma 1984)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|back]], to the place or person one came from: ''Hij kwam pas om tien uur terug.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Backwards: ''Ze deed een stap terug.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In return, back: ''Je krijgt nog twee euro terug.''^(Wiktionary)

+ # Earlier, [[m|en|ago]]: ''Een paar jaar terug woonde ik hier.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(Belgium)'' Again, once more.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[terugtocht]]

+ * [[terugbellen]]

+ * [[terugdeinzen]]

+ * [[terugdringen]]

+ * [[teruggaan]]

+ * [[teruggooien]]

+ * [[terughalen]]

+ * [[terugkijken]]

+ * [[terugkrijgen]]

+ * [[terugsturen]]

+ * [[terugvliegen]]

+ * [[terugblik]]

+ * [[terugmars]]

+ * [[terugreis]]

+ * [[terugkomen]]

+ * [[teruggeven]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rug]]

+ * [[achterbaks]]

+ * [[de|zurück]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Niet meer terug kunnen'' means to be unable to go back on a promise.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}