krijgen Dutch · revision 37134

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=1265–1270, Middle Dutch (Brabant)|origins=gem-pro *krīganą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈkrɛi̯ɣə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''krijgen''' (past ''kreeg'', plural ''kregen''; past participle ''gekregen'')^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|crîghen]], [[inh|odt|*crīgan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*krīgan|t=to strive, struggle]], [[inh|gem-pro|*krīganą]].^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) In Middle Dutch this strong verb meant “to exert oneself, strive”, “to make one's way”, “to quarrel, fight” and “to obtain by effort”.^(EWN)^(MNW) The same verb is [[gml|krīgen|t=to quarrel, wage war; to get]], [[gmh|krīgen|t=to strive, fight]] (modern [[de|kriegen]]) and [[ofs|krīgia|t=to get, receive]] (modern [[fy|krije]]).^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Kroonen thinks its oldest sense was “to be stiff, stubborn”, as in [[m|ofs|halskrīga|t=stiff neck]], whence “to strive” and then “to fight”.^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The sense “to get, receive” is found only in a limited area (Dutch, Low German, Frisian and central German) where verbs often lose a prefix.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The EWN therefore derives it from an older [[gml|erkrīgen|t=to win by fighting]], itself formed from the noun [[dum|crijg|t=effort, struggle, strife]] (modern [[krijg]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Franck–Van Wijk and De Vries & De Tollenaere instead see one and the same strong verb, with “to get” as an originally perfective use of “to strive for”.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|211) Outside Germanic no etymology is certain: the EWN mentions Latvian and Old Irish words for hardness and strength and a root [[ine-pro|*gʷer-]], but calls the relationship very uncertain.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The verb is first recorded in Brabant in 1265–1270, in the sense “to acquire”.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(VMNW) An early quotation uses it as a verb of motion: ''Warwerts hi henen was gekregen'', “where he had gone off to”.^(EWN) In a Rhineland text of about 1270, ''man krige sine vrinscap dar mede'' means “by that one will win his friendship”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal explains the senses from a basic “to exert oneself”: exertion against someone became “to fight, wage war”, and exertion towards something became the transitive “to try to own, acquire”.^(WNT) The idea of effort then faded, so that ''krijgen'' came to be used also when the subject comes to have something without any doing of its own.^(WNT) The 13th-century texts already show both uses: one speaks of the hydra that ''krigt dar weder twe'', “gets two (heads) in its place”, when it loses one.^(VMNW)

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+ In early modern Dutch ''krijgen'' also meant “to seize, catch” (two fishing boats taken in 1598), and it was used of illnesses (a new fever caught in 1626), of a wife or husband (1646), and of children.^(WNT) In modern Dutch it also serves as an auxiliary for a passive in which the receiver is the subject.^(Wiktionary) The proverb ''hebben is hebben, maar krijgen is de kunst'' (“having is having, but getting is the art”) is known since the 17th century.^(Stoett 1923) Because it can mean “to be struck by”, the verb begins very many curses, of the type ''krijg de pest''.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001)

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+ The verb passed into Negerhollands (''krieg'', ''kri''), Berbice Dutch (''kriki'') and Petjo, and it lives on in Afrikaans [[m|af|kry]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1265–1270 – Middle Dutch ''crigen'' is first recorded, in Brabant, in the sense “to acquire”.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(VMNW)

+ * c. 1270 – A Rhineland text uses the verb for getting something without effort.^(VMNW)

+ * 1525 – The earliest quotation in the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal speaks of victory gained.^(WNT)

+ * 1598 – ''Krijgen'' is recorded in the sense “to seize, capture”.^(WNT)

+ * 1626 – A writer reports a fever he has ''gekregen'' “caught”.^(WNT)

+ * 17th century – ''Hebben is hebben, maar krijgen is de kunst'' is first recorded.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|receive]], get, be given, with or without one's own effort: ''Ze kreeg een fiets voor haar verjaardag.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+ # To come into a situation: ''iets in het oog krijgen'', to [[m|en|notice]] something.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To come to feel or suffer; to [[m|en|catch]] an illness: ''Hij kreeg griep.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+ # To bring into a state, manage to do: ''Ik krijg de deur niet open.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To catch, get hold of a person: ''Je kunt me toch niet krijgen!''^(WNT)

+ # ''(auxiliary)'' Forms a passive with the receiver as subject: ''Zij krijgt het pakket toegestuurd.''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[verkrijgen]]

+ * [[herkrijgen]]

+ * [[aankrijgen]]

+ * [[afkrijgen]]

+ * [[binnenkrijgen]]

+ * [[doorkrijgen]]

+ * [[meekrijgen]]

+ * [[opkrijgen]]

+ * [[terugkrijgen]]

+ * [[gekrijgen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[krijg]]

+ * [[krijger]]

+ * [[kregel]]

+ * [[de|kriegen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ An intransitive weak verb ''krijgen'' “to wage war” is now used only in elevated style.^(WNT) The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal holds that it is at bottom the same verb, though speakers feel it as a derivative of [[krijg]] “war”, and the Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek calls the weak verb a new formation from the noun.^(WNT)^(MNW) The EWN considers the sense “war” of the noun probably secondary.^(EWN) The fixed phrase ''het aan de stok krijgen met iemand'' means to fall out with someone.^(Van Dale 2014)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}