staan Dutch · revision 37132

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *steh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /staːn/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''staan''' (past ''stond'', plural ''stonden''; past participle ''gestaan'')^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|stâen]], [[inh|odt|stān]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*stān]], [[inh|gem-pro|*stāną|t=to stand]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[osx|stān]], [[goh|stān]], also [[m|goh|stēn]] (modern [[de|stehen]]), [[ofs|stān]] (modern [[fy|stean]]) and [[sv|stå]], all meaning “to stand”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Kroonen notes that it is missing in the oldest Germanic texts but, being found in both North and West Germanic, was probably present in the proto-language; its original form is hard to reconstruct.^(Kroonen 2013) The EWN gives the stem as [[m|gem-pro|*stē-]], whose vowel is not the regular outcome of the Indo-European root; it and De Vries & De Tollenaere explain it by analogy with the verb for “go” ([[gaan]]), and Franck–Van Wijk also thought it secondary.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|363)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ Very early, probably in Proto-Germanic times, the verb merged with the closely related [[dum|standen|t=to stand]], a present stem with an inserted /n/, which is [[m|osx|standan]], [[m|goh|stantan]], [[m|ofs|stonda]], [[ang|standan]] (modern [[en|stand]]), [[non|standa]] and [[got|𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽|tr=standan]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The past tense once had both ⟨stoet⟩, ⟨stoeden⟩ and ⟨stont⟩, ⟨stonden⟩; already in Middle Dutch the modern division settled, with ⟨sta-⟩ in the infinitive, the present and the participles and ⟨stond-⟩ in the past.^(EWN)^(MNW) The old Germanic past [[m|gem-pro|*stōþ-]] is seen in [[m|ang|stōd]] (modern [[m|en|stood]]) and [[m|got|𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸|tr=stōþ]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(EWN) The stem ⟨stand-⟩ lives on in derivatives such as [[stand]], [[stander]], [[gestand]], [[omstandigheid]] and [[opstand]].^(EWN)

+

+ The verb belongs to [[ine-pro|*steh₂-|t=to stand]], the root of [[la|stō|t=to stand]], [[grc|ἵστημι|tr=hístēmi|t=to make stand, set]] and [[lt|stoti|t=to stand up]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Orel 2003) With a /t/-suffix it also gave [[m|gem-pro|*stad-]], the source of [[stad]].^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century open with ''Salig man ther … in uuege sundigero ne stunt'', “blessed is the man who has not stood in the way of sinners”.^(EWN)^(ONW) A charm of 1001–1050 has ''That bluod for stuond'', “the blood stood still”, and a rhymed Bible of 1151–1200 has ''so lange thiv werlt stat'', “as long as the world stands”.^(EWN)^(ONW) Old Dutch ''stān'' thus already meant “to stand”, “to be located”, “to exist” and “to stand still”.^(ONW) Middle Dutch ''staen'' is recorded in Limburg around 1200, and a Limburg glossary of about 1240 renders Latin ''stare'' with it.^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 13th century ''staen'' was used of people, animals and statues, and also meant “to stop”, “to be in a certain state”, “to last”, “to remain valid”, “to depend on” and “to be possible”.^(VMNW) Middle Dutch could join it to another verb with ''ende'', as in ''stont ende riep'' “stood and cried”, the forerunner of the modern ''staan te'' construction.^(MNW)^(Wiktionary) In the 19th century this auxiliary use was often attributed to Jewish speakers, like Amsterdam ''zitten''.^(Van de Kamp 2006) ''Zeggen waar het op staat'', to say plainly what matters, goes back to the Middle Ages.^(Stoett 1923) ''Hier sta ik, ik kan niet anders'' translates Luther's German.^(Van der Sijs 2005)

+

+ Modern slang has ''voor lul staan'', to look a fool, recorded in the 1960s, and in Surinamese Dutch a bingo player who needs one more number ''staat''.^(Reinsma 1975)^(Van Donselaar 1989) The verb passed into Negerhollands (''staan'', ''tan''), Berbice Dutch (''tan''), Biak and Kupang Malay, and a French dialect has ''stå'' “halt!”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) It lives on in Afrikaans [[m|af|staan]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''stān'' appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+ * 1001–1050 – ''That bluod for stuond'' “the blood stood still”.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1200 – Middle Dutch ''staen'' is first recorded, in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * c. 1240 – A Limburg glossary renders Latin ''stare'' with ''staen''.^(VMNW)

+ * 1573 – A dictionary gives ''staen'' as “to be standing”.^(WNT)

+ * 1968 – ''Voor lul staan'' is quoted.^(Reinsma 1975)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # Of people or animals: to [[m|en|stand]], be upright on one's feet: ''Ze stond bij het raam.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+ # Of things: to rest on supports, be placed or located.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be in a certain state or position: ''alleen staan'', to have no family or support.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To [[m|en|suit]], look (of clothes): ''Die jas staat je goed.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be written or printed: ''Wat staat er in de brief?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With ''te'': to be busy doing something, often while standing: ''Hij stond op de bus te wachten.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Not to move, to stand still: ''blijven staan''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # With ''te'': to be about to happen: ''Er staat ons een zware tijd te wachten.''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bestaan]]

+ * [[ontstaan]]

+ * [[verstaan]]

+ * [[opstaan]]

+ * [[toestaan]]

+ * [[uitstaan]]

+ * [[aanstaan]]

+ * [[afstaan]]

+ * [[bijstaan]]

+ * [[doorstaan]]

+ * [[instaan]]

+ * [[volstaan]]

+ * [[staande]]

+ * [[stilstaan]]

+ * [[vaststaan]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stand]]

+ * [[stad]]

+ * [[gestand]]

+ * [[opstand]]

+ * [[de|stehen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}