geven Dutch · revision 37127

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *gebaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈɣeːvə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''geven''' (past ''gaf'', plural ''gaven''; past participle ''gegeven'')^(WNT)

+ Middle Dutch had the third person ''gevet'', ''geeft'', ''geft'' and ''gift'' and the imperative ''gef'' or ''gif''.^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|gēven|alt=gêven]], [[inh|odt|gevan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*geban]], [[inh|gem-pro|*gebaną|alt=*geban-]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|141) The same verb is [[osx|geban|alt=geƀan]], [[goh|geban]] (modern [[de|geben]]), [[ofs|jeva]], [[ang|giefan]], [[non|gefa]] (modern [[sv|giva]]) and [[got|𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽|tr=giban]], all meaning “to give, provide”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Van Haeringen notes that modern [[en|give]] is not the regular outcome of the Old English verb, and its ⟨g⟩ probably comes from Scandinavian.^(Van Haeringen 1936) The relation to [[m|got|𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹|tr=gabei|t=wealth]] is unclear: some take the root to have had /a/ and the /e/ of the verb to come from its opposite [[nemen]], but the Gothic noun may be unrelated.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The verb probably replaced the older Indo-European verb for giving, [[ine-pro|*deh₃-|alt=*dō-]], in Germanic.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ A root [[ine-pro|*gʰebʰ-]] can be reconstructed, but no certain cognates outside Germanic confirm it.^(EWN) The usual comparison is with [[sga|gaibid|t=takes, holds]] and [[lt|gabénti|t=to bring, carry off]], from a root ⟨*gʰabʰ-⟩ “to seize”;^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|141) De Vries found the step from “take” to “give” large and looked for it in words such as the matron name ⟨Alagabiae⟩, goddesses who own and bestow wealth.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|141) Kroonen rejects the Celtic comparison on formal grounds and derives the verb instead from a prefixed [[ine-pro|*h₁ep-|t=to seize]], the root of [[sa|आप्नोति|tr=āpnóti|t=reaches, obtains]] and [[la|apīscor|t=to seize, obtain]].^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) The EWN discusses further connections under [[hebben]].^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The verb is recorded many times in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, as in ''gevon sal'' “will give” and ''ertha gaf'' “the earth gave”.^(EWN)^(ONW) About 1100 the Willeram has ''thie gauon mir thiu andwarde'' “they gave me the answer”.^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''geven'' is recorded in Limburg in 1200, and in 1201 ''her gaf eme siluer ende golt'', “he gave him silver and gold”.^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Dutch already used the verb both for handing over goods and for granting abstract things such as strength or a sign, and ''guotlīkhēt gevan'' meant to give glory.^(ONW) Middle Dutch added a wide range of uses: to transfer property by handing over a straw (''halme gheven''), to give in marriage, to bear a child, to yield, to sound and to devote oneself.^(VMNW) The infinitive used as a noun, ''gheven'', meant a gift.^(VMNW)^(MNW)

+

+ The WNT grouped the senses under four Latin headings: giving in general, giving as a present, giving back and giving out or producing.^(WNT) ''Iemand de zak geven'' “to sack someone” is recorded from 1732.^(WNT) The impersonal ''het geeft niet'', “it does not matter”, and ''geven om'', “to care about”, are modern.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) The proverb ''het is zaliger te geven dan te ontvangen'' comes from the Statenbijbel's Acts 20:35.^(Stoett 1923) ''Dat geeft te denken'' is a loan translation of French ''cela donne à penser''.^(Van der Sijs 2005)

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+ The verb lives on in Afrikaans ''gee'', Negerhollands ''gi'' and ''gief'', Skepi Dutch ''gef'' and Javindo ''heef''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''gevan'' appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Thie gauon mir thiu andwarde'' is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1200 – Middle Dutch ''geven'' is recorded in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1265 – The infinitive is used as a noun for “giving”.^(VMNW)

+ * 1289 – ''Halme gheven'', transferring property, is recorded in Bruges.^(VMNW)

+ * 1732 – ''Iemand de zak geven'' “to dismiss someone” is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|give]] something to someone so that it becomes theirs: ''Ze gaf haar neefje een fiets.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(ANW)

+ # To hand, to pass, without a change of owner: ''Geef me even het zout.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To deal a blow: ''Hij gaf de hond een tik.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To give off, to [[m|en|emit]], of abstract things: ''Die lamp geeft weinig licht.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To provide, to [[m|en|yield]]: ''Deze koe geeft veel melk.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To cause, to bring about: ''Dat geeft alleen maar ruzie.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To organise, to hold: ''We geven zaterdag een feestje.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(impersonal, in questions and negations)'' To matter: ''het geeft niet'' “never mind”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''geven om'' To care about: ''Hij geeft niet om geld.''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[gave]]

+ * [[gegeven]]

+ * [[gif]]

+ * [[gift]]

+ * [[prijsgeven]]

+ * [[vergeven]]

+ * [[gaaf]]

+ * [[wetgevend]]

+ * [[winstgevend]]

+ * [[aangeven]]

+ * [[afgeven]]

+ * [[opgeven]]

+ * [[uitgeven]]

+ * [[overgeven]]

+ * [[toegeven]]

+ * [[teruggeven]]

+ * [[weggeven]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hebben]]

+ * [[en|give]]

+ * [[de|geben]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Weten te geven en te nemen'', “to know how to give and take”, is known since the 16th century.^(Stoett 1923) The Belgian use of ''geven op'' for a window looking out on something was criticised in 1899 as a gallicism.^(De Vreese 1899)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}