deze Dutch · revision 37126

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Willeram|origins=gem-pro *sa}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈdeːzə/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''deze''' ''m or f'' or pl (proximal demonstrative, neuter dit)^(Wiktionary)

+ The variant ''dees'' was used beside ''deze''.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) The old genitive survives in ''dezer dagen'' “recently, shortly”, and the personal plural is ''dezen''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle Dutch inflected it fully: genitive ''deses'', ''desere'', ''derre'', dative ''desen''.^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|dese|alt=dēse]], [[inh|odt|these|alt=thiusa]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) It was formed from the demonstrative [[die]] (see [[de]]) and a pointing particle ⟨*-s-⟩, probably related to [[m|got|𐍃𐌰𐌹|tr=sai|t=look!]] and [[m|goh|sē|t=look there]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|102) That particle itself belongs to the pronoun stem in ⟨s-⟩.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|102)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ In West and North Germanic the particle was first added to the inflected forms of the demonstrative, as in the Runic Norse nominatives ⟨sa-si⟩ and ⟨sū-si⟩ and the neuter ⟨þat-si⟩.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Later it fused so firmly with the stem that the endings were moved to the end of the word, after the particle, which gave the older stages many variants.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The forms with ⟨th-⟩ come from the inflected cases.^(De Vries 1971) The related forms are [[osx|thius|t=this (feminine)]], [[goh|dese]] (modern [[de|dieser]]), [[ofs|thius]] (modern [[fy|dizze]]), [[ang|þes]] (modern [[en|this]] and [[en|these]]) and [[non|þessi]] (modern [[sv|dessa]]).^(EWN) There is no such word in Gothic.^(Vercoullie 1925) Franck and Van Wijk thought that some of the forms rest on other bases and that the last word on this paradigm had not been said.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''thiusa'' and ''thisa'' “this” are recorded in the Willeram of about 1100, as in ''Wer is thiusa'', “Who is this one?”^(EWN)^(ONW) A runic accusative ''þïn'' on a small staff found at Britsum and dated 501–510 has since been read as the same word, which would put the first record much earlier.^(EWN)^(ONW) Middle Dutch ''dese'' is recorded in 1230.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From Old Dutch on the word pointed to someone or something near the speaker or just mentioned, either before a noun or standing alone, and Old Dutch ''these werilt'' was “this world”.^(ONW) Middle Dutch could repeat it where modern Dutch uses it once, place it after a noun with ''die'', and use it for the ruler of the day.^(MNW)^(VMNW) Combined with ''te'' it gave ''tesen'' and ''teser''.^(MNW)

+

+ Standing alone, ''dezen'' long meant “this letter”, and the genitive ''deser'' “of this month” (1659).^(WNT) Formal ''bij dezen'' “hereby” and ''een dezer dagen'' “one of these days” keep older forms.^(Van Dale 2014) In Surinamese Dutch ''deze mensen'' can be dismissive, “such people”.^(Van Donselaar 1989) The word lives on in Negerhollands ''deese'', Berbice Dutch ''disi'' and Skepi Dutch ''disə'', and Sranan borrowed ''disi'', which passed on to Saramaccan.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 501–510 – A runic ''þïn'' on the Britsum staff may be the oldest record.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''thiusa'' appears in the Willeram.^(EWN)

+ * 1130 – Van der Sijs dates the demonstrative to this year.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1200 – Middle Dutch ''dese'' is recorded in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1230 – ''Dese'' appears in a charter.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * 1659 – ''Den 12. deser'' “the 12th of this month” is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Determiner===

+ # [[m|en|this]], these: pointing to someone or something near the speaker, with ''de''-words and plurals: ''Deze stoel is kapot.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(ANW)

+ # Pointing to what was just mentioned or follows.^(WNT)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # This one, these ones: ''Welke wil je? Deze.''^(Wiktionary)^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # The latter: ''Ze sprak met de directeur, en deze knikte.''^(WNT)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dezerzijds]]

+ * [[dezerlei]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dit]]

+ * [[die]]

+ * [[dat]]

+ * [[de]]

+ * [[dus]]

+ * [[en|this]]

+ * [[de|dieser]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Deze'' is used with ''de''-words and plurals, ''dit'' with singular ''het''-words.^(Wiktionary)^(Van Dale 2014) In formal letters ''bij dezen'' means “hereby”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}