daar Dutch · revision 37123

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *to-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /daːr/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''daar'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|daer]], [[inh|odt|thār]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*þār]], [[inh|gem-pro|*þar]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|thār]], [[goh|dār]] (modern [[de|da]]), [[ofs|thēr]] (modern [[fy|dêr]]), [[ang|þǣr]] (modern [[en|there]]), [[non|þar]] (modern [[sv|där]]) and [[got|𐌸𐌰𐍂|tr=þar]], all meaning “there, thither”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Outside Germanic it is related to [[sa|तर्हि|tr=tarhi|t=then]].^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ It was formed with a suffix ⟨*-r⟩, as were [[hier]] and [[waar#3]], from the demonstrative root [[ine-pro|*to-]], so that the starting point was ⟨*to-r⟩; the same root is behind [[dat]], [[de]], [[die]] and [[deze]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971) Franck and Van Wijk suggest that an Indo-European ⟨*tēr⟩ may have existed beside ⟨*tor⟩, which would explain the long vowel of West Germanic ⟨*þār⟩;^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Wiktionary calls that lengthening irregular, perhaps due to the influence of the word for “here”.^(Wiktionary) According to the WNT two adverbs fell together in Dutch: one of place, matching Old High German ⟨dār⟩, and one of direction, matching Old High German [[m|goh|dara|t=thither]].^(WNT)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The weak form ⟨dәr⟩, written [[er]], already existed in Middle Dutch.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The adverb is recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, in ''Thar beniamin iungelig'', “there Benjamin, the young one”.^(ONW)^(EWN) The first Middle Dutch record is from Limburg in 1200.^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Old Dutch ''thār'' meant “there, in that place”; it also took up a preceding phrase of place and could serve where modern Dutch has ''er''.^(ONW) Middle Dutch used ''daer'' for “thither” (1254) and, introducing clauses, for “where” (1253), “while, when” (1285), “if” and “because”.^(EWN)^(VMNW) Compounds such as ''daer aen'', ''daer af'', ''daer met'', ''daer na'' and ''daer toe'' appear in the earliest official documents of about 1250, written separately or together,^(EWN) and ''dare ende hare'', modern ''her en der'', meant “here and there, everywhere”.^(VMNW)^(MNW)

+

+ In modern Dutch ''daar'' no longer expresses direction, only place, which can shade into time or circumstance.^(WNT) The conjunction “since, as” is recorded from 1793 and now belongs to formal language.^(EWN)^(Van Dale 2014) In the Dutch of Amsterdam Jews ''ik kom daar'' meant “I'm coming at once”, a temporal use modelled on Yiddish.^(Beem 1974)^(Van de Kamp 2006)

+

+ The word lives on in Afrikaans ''daar'', in Negerhollands ''dae'', ''daar'' and ''da'', and in Berbice Dutch ''da'', and Sranan ''drape'' “there” was formed from it.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – ''Thar'' appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+ * 1200 – Middle Dutch ''daer'' is recorded in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * c. 1250 – Compounds such as ''daer met'' and ''daer toe'' appear in official documents.^(EWN)

+ * 1253 – ''Daer'' introduces a clause, “where”.^(EWN)

+ * 1254 – ''Daer'' is recorded for “thither”.^(EWN)

+ * 1280 – The conjunction is recorded in Bruges, “because”.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1793 – ''Daar'' “since, as” is recorded.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|there]], in or at a place away from the speaker: ''Zet de doos daar maar neer.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(ANW)

+ # Drawing attention to someone or something: ''Daar komt de trein!''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Forming pronominal adverbs, standing for ''dat'': ''Daar heb ik niets mee te maken.''^(Wiktionary)^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''hier en daar'' Here and there, in several places.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # ''(formal)'' Since, as, because: ''Daar het regende, bleven we binnen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[daarom]]

+ * [[daarna]]

+ * [[daardoor]]

+ * [[daarbij]]

+ * [[daarmee]]

+ * [[daarvan]]

+ * [[daarin]]

+ * [[daarentegen]]

+ * [[daarenboven]]

+ * [[vandaar]]

+ * [[ziedaar]]

+ * [[daarzo]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hier]]

+ * [[er]]

+ * [[waar#3]]

+ * [[dat]]

+ * [[en|there]]

+ * [[de|da]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ After a statement one does not want to contradict, ''daar niet van'' introduces a reservation.^(Van Dale 2014) The weak form ''er'' replaces ''daar'' when it is unstressed.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}