jullie Dutch · revision 37122

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=compound|attested=1601–1700}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈjʏli/, /ˈjy.li/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jullie''' (unstressed form je, reflexive form je, possessive form jullie, unstressed possessive form je)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a fairly recent pronoun that entered the standard language from the spoken Dutch of the northern Netherlands.^(EWN) It is usually explained as a contraction of [[jij]] or [[je]] with [[lui]] “people”, the Holland form of [[lieden]].^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|180)^(Wiktionary) The stress moved to the first syllable, ⟨-lui⟩ was weakened to ⟨-lie⟩ and the spelling was adapted to the pronunciation.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|180)

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+ Two developments lie behind it.^(EWN) In Middle Dutch the singular pronoun ⟨du⟩ disappeared, so that ⟨gi⟩ ([[gij]]) and ⟨u⟩ served for both singular and plural, with the Holland variants ⟨ju⟩ and later [[jou]] and ⟨jij⟩.^(EWN) At the same time western Middle Dutch could extend any plural pronoun with ⟨lieden⟩, as in ⟨hem lieden⟩ “them” (1237) and ⟨gi liede⟩ “you (plural)” (1300–1350), and a probable forerunner of the modern word is ⟨ju lieden⟩ in a text of 1440–1460.^(EWN) Forms such as ⟨jy luy⟩ (1616, in Hooft), ⟨joului⟩ (1752–1777) and ⟨je lui⟩ (1775) appear in the following centuries.^(EWN)

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+ Scholars differ over the starting point.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Kloeke derived the word from ⟨joului⟩, originally an object form;^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Verdenius and Van Haeringen preferred ⟨jijlui⟩, through forms such as ⟨*jillie⟩, because of the initial stress;^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936) and Heeroma started from a South Holland ⟨julie⟩.^(De Vries 1971) The EWN favours ⟨je lui⟩, the commonest form in written records of 18th- and 19th-century speech, and points to colloquial [[hullie]] “they”, from ⟨hunlieden⟩, after which ⟨zullie⟩ and ⟨jullie⟩ may have been formed by analogy.^(EWN) The WNT, too, compared ⟨hullie⟩, ⟨wullie⟩ and ⟨zullie⟩.^(WNT)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Van der Sijs dates the pronoun to the 17th century.^(Van der Sijs 2001) The EWN's earliest clear examples are from the 19th century: as a personal pronoun in ''Jullie kennen allen mijne arrestanten!'' “You all know my prisoners!” (1841), and as a possessive in 1844.^(EWN) Afrikaans ''jully'' is already recorded in 1741, which suggests the Dutch form is older.^(EWN)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ For a long time the forms with ''-lieden'' and ''-lui'' belonged to different registers: ''gijlieden'' and ''ulieden'' remained in the written standard into the 19th century but became more and more elevated, while ''jij'', ''jou'', ''je'' and their extensions were for a long time confined to speech.^(EWN) In 1733 ''je lui'' appears in a written record of speech,^(WNT) and as late as 1915 the WNT described ''jullie'' as a form of very familiar everyday talk that some heard as rude.^(WNT)

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+ Today ''jullie'' is the ordinary second-person plural, more familiar than ''u'', and is also used as a possessive.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) The EWN compares the English plurals ''you guys'' and ''you all'', which are filling the same gap in English.^(EWN) The word lives on in Afrikaans ''julle'', and Negerhollands had ''jellie'' beside ''jen'' and ''jini'';^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010) Indonesian ''yuli'' and Petjo ''joelie'' and ''goelie'' also come from it.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1237 – ''Hem lieden'' “them” shows the Middle Dutch extension with ''lieden''.^(EWN)

+ * 1440–1460 – ''Ju lieden'' “you people” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1601–1700 – ''Jullie'' is dated to the 17th century.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1616 – Hooft writes ''jy luy''.^(EWN)

+ * 1741 – Afrikaans ''jully'' is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1775 – ''Je lui'' appears as a subject.^(EWN)

+ * 1841 – ''Jullie'' is recorded as a personal pronoun.^(EWN)

+ * 1844 – ''Jullie'' is recorded as a possessive.^(EWN)

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+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|you]], second person plural, as subject; more familiar than ''u'': ''Komen jullie morgen ook?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(ANW)

+ # You, second person plural, as object: ''Ik zie jullie straks.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ===Determiner===

+ # [[m|en|your]], belonging to the people addressed: ''Is dat jullie auto?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[julliezelf]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[jij]]

+ * [[jou]]

+ * [[je]]

+ * [[gij]]

+ * [[lui]]

+ * [[lieden]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ In speech the unstressed ''je'' can replace ''jullie'' as possessive and reflexive.^(Wiktionary) The saying ''jullie is jodenvolk'', a rebuke for using familiar ''jullie'' where ''u'' was expected, rests on a fanciful derivation from ''jodenlui''.^(Van de Kamp 2006)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}