houden Dutch · revision 37121

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *haldaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈɦɑu̯də(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''houden''' (past ''hield'', plural ''hielden''; past participle ''gehouden'')^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ In the 16th and 17th centuries the past was still often ''helt'', ''hilt'', plural ''helden'', ''hilden'', the usual Middle Dutch forms.^(WNT)

+ Colloquial Dutch has ''houwen'' and the past ''hiel'', and by confusion with ''houwen'' “to hew” also ''hieuw''.^(WNT) Middle Dutch also had an eastern variant ''helden''.^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|houden]], earlier [[m|dum|halden]], [[inh|odt|haldan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*haldan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*haldaną]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) Its ⟨ou⟩ developed from ⟨al⟩ before ⟨d⟩, the same change as in [[koud]].^(EWN) The same verb is [[osx|haldan]] (Middle Low German ⟨hōlden⟩), [[goh|haltan]] (modern [[de|halten]]), [[ofs|halda]], [[ang|healdan]] (modern [[en|hold]]), [[non|halda]] (modern [[sv|hålla]]) and [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽|tr=haldan|t=to tend (cattle)]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The original meaning was probably the Gothic one, to tend or herd cattle, but the Germanic languages already show a wide range of later senses.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)

+

+ Its further origin is very uncertain.^(EWN) If the oldest sense was herding, it may be compared with [[grc|κέλλω|tr=kéllō|t=I drive]], [[grc|βουκόλος|tr=boukólos|t=cowherd]], [[sa|कलयति|tr=kaláyati|t=drives (cattle), holds, carries]] and perhaps [[la|celer|t=swift]], from a root [[ine-pro|*kel-|t=to drive]];^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|170) the EWN considers this kinship unlikely.^(EWN) Wiktionary also mentions a connection with [[ine-pro|*ḱel-|t=to hide]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch has the prefixed participle ''behaldan'' “kept safe, saved” in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century,^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) and the Egmond Willeram of about 1100 uses ''haldan'' for keeping something in store for someone: ''Allerslahta ouaz niwa ande ald hauon ich thir gehaldon'', “all kinds of fruit, new and old, I have kept for you”.^(ONW) In Middle Dutch ''hof … halden'' “to hold court” is recorded in Limburg in 1200, and ''houdet'' “keeps, does not give up” in 1236.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used the verb for holding fast and holding prisoner, keeping and preserving, tending, owning, governing, keeping a law, holding a feast, considering, and also for worshipping and loving.^(VMNW)^(MNW) The WNT notes that a sense of watching over or taking care of something can still be felt in nearly all its later uses.^(WNT)

+

+ ''Houden van'' “to love, to like” has a feudal background: in the Middle Ages ''houden van'' meant to hold land in fief from someone, to be his vassal, which led to “to care about someone” and finally “to love”.^(Stoett 1923)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The WNT records ''Ick houwer niet of'' “I don't care for it”, said of drinking, in 1616.^(WNT) The paired ''hebben ende houden'' “to have and to hold”, for lasting possession, gave modern ''iemands hebben en houden'', all a person owns.^(Stoett 1923) In 1681 Winschoten noted the sailors' phrase ''die koopman kan het niet houden'', meaning the merchant has to go out of business.^(Winschoten 1681)

+

+ The verb lives on in Afrikaans ''hou'', Negerhollands ''hou'' and ''how'', Skepi Dutch ''how'' and Berbice Dutch ''hau''.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010) De Vreese criticised ''houden van'' for French ''tenir de'' “to take after” as a gallicism.^(De Vreese 1899)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''behaldan'' “saved” appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – The Willeram uses ''gehaldon'' “kept”.^(ONW)

+ * 1200 – ''Hof … halden'' “to hold court” is recorded in Limburg.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1236 – The form ''houdet'' “keeps” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1285 – A West Flemish text uses the verb for worshipping an idol.^(VMNW)

+ * 1616 – ''Ick houwer niet of'' “I don't care for it” is recorded.^(WNT)

+ * 1681 – Winschoten records ''het niet kunnen houden'' “to go out of business”.^(Winschoten 1681)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|keep]], not to give up: ''Je mag dat boek houden.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(ANW)

+ # To [[m|en|hold]], not to let go: ''Hij hield de ladder stevig vast.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To stop, prevent from going on, especially in ''zijn mond houden'' “to keep quiet”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To keep an animal: ''Mijn buren houden kippen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To keep in a position or state: ''Houd de deur dicht.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To keep to, observe: ''Ze hield zich aan haar belofte.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To hold an event: ''De club houdt elk jaar een feest.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To run a business: ''Haar ouders hielden een café.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To hold, stay fast: ''Het touw hield niet.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''houden van'' To [[m|en|love]], to like: ''Ik hou van appeltaart.''^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+ # ''houden voor'' To consider, take for: ''Ik hield hem voor zijn broer.''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[houder]]

+ * [[houding]]

+ * [[houdbaar]]

+ * [[behouden]]

+ * [[onthouden]]

+ * [[onderhouden]]

+ * [[ophouden]]

+ * [[aanhouden]]

+ * [[volhouden]]

+ * [[huishouden]]

+ * [[boekhouden]]

+ * [[stadhouder]]

+ * [[wethouder]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|hold]]

+ * [[de|halten]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In the Dutch of Amsterdam Jews ''waar hou je?'' meant “how far have you got?”, in reading or prayer, after Yiddish ''haltn''.^(Van de Kamp 2006) In Surinamese Dutch ''houden'' also means “to look after, keep safe for someone”.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}