door Dutch · revision 37117

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Old Dutch (Wachtendonck Psalms)|origins=ine-pro *terh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /doːr/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''door''' (preposition, adverb)^(Wiktionary)

+ The form ''deur'' has been widespread in Dutch dialects since Middle Dutch.^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936) Low German has it too.^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|dore]], [[inh|odt|thuro]], [[inh|gem-pro|*þurhw|t=through]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|thuru]], [[goh|duruh]] (modern [[de|durch]]), [[ofs|thruch]] and [[ang|þurh]] (modern [[en|through]] and [[m|en|thorough]]); [[got|𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷|tr=þairh]] and Old English [[m|ang|þerh]] show another ablaut grade, ⟨*þerh⟩.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) North Germanic has lost the word.^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ The EWN derives it from the root [[ine-pro|*terh₂-|t=to cross, pass through]], probably with the suffix [[ine-pro|*-kʷe]] that is also found in [[doch]] and [[noch]].^(EWN)^(Vercoullie 1925) The same root gives [[sa|तिरस्|tr=tirás|t=through, across]], [[la|trāns|t=across]] and [[sga|tar|t=across]], and in Dutch [[darm]] and [[draaien]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|107) Kroonen and Wiktionary also mention a second element meaning “eye”, [[ine-pro|*h₃ekʷ-]], as in Sanskrit adverbs of direction.^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The dialect form ⟨deur⟩ has the umlauted vowel of Middle Dutch ⟨döre⟩.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|107) Van Haeringen thought the influence of [[voor]] not enough to explain how common it is, and assumed an older form with an ⟨i⟩ between ⟨r⟩ and ⟨h⟩.^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''thuro'' is first found in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms, which also use it in compounds that copy Latin words in ''per-'': ''thurofremig'' “perfect”, ''thurolithon'' “to pass through”.^(EWN)^(ONW) The Willeram of about 1100 writes ''thurgh''.^(EWN) In Middle Dutch ''dur'' is first recorded about 1200 in the legend of Saint Servatius, meaning “because of”.^(EWN) The sense “through” follows in 1220–1240, in the romance of Aiol.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The spatial sense and the use for the agent of an action were both present in Middle Dutch.^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''dore'' also meant “because of”, but that sense passed to [[om]] in modern Dutch, which is why ''doordat'' and ''omdat'' are often confused; the modern causal ''door'' took over what Middle Dutch said with ''bi'' and ''van''.^(EWN) As an adverb it meant “through”, “very”, “throughout a period” and “all over”.^(VMNW)

+

+ With verbs ''door-'' usually means that something happens through and through; in the Old Dutch examples it probably imitates Latin ''per-''.^(EWN) It can also mean “on, further”, as in ''doorademen'' “to keep breathing”, and the 17th-century ''door liepen'' “walked on”.^(EWN) Before adjectives it was an intensifier from the 14th century (''dorearm'' “very poor”, ''doreout'' “very old”); the EWN suggests this use may come from mystical texts.^(EWN)

+

+ In Belgium ''door koninklijk besluit'', for Netherlandic ''bij koninklijk besluit'', was criticised as a gallicism after French ''par arrêté royal''.^(De Vreese 1899) Dutch ''door'' was borrowed far afield: Indonesian ''door'' “straight on”, Makassarese ''dôró'' “passed (an exam)”, Papiamentu ''dor'', Sranan Tongo ''doro'' and, through Sranan, Saramaccan ''dóu''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Afrikaans has ''deur''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''thuro'' appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1100 – The Willeram writes ''thurgh''.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1200 – Middle Dutch ''dur'' “because of” is recorded in the Servatius legend.^(EWN)

+ * 1220–1240 – ''Dur'' “through” appears in the romance of Aiol.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1351 – ''Dore'' is used as an intensifier: soak it ''dore nat''.^(EWN)

+ * 1602 – ''Door liepen'' “walked on” shows the sense “further”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|through]], from one side of a space or object to the other: ''We fietsten door het bos naar huis.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Through, around, within a space without set limits: ''Ze dwaalden door de stad.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Through an opening: ''De kat kwam door het raam naar binnen.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Of time: through, during: ''door de jaren heen''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Mixed with: ''rozijnen door het deeg''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # [[m|en|by]], introducing the agent or the cause: ''Het huis werd door brand verwoest.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # By means of: ''door hard te werken''.^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Through, worn through: ''Mijn sokken zijn alweer door.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # On, without stopping: ''aan één stuk door'', without a break.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # As the first part of separable and inseparable verbs: ''dóórlopen'' “to walk on”, ''doorlópen'' “to pass through, complete”.^(WikiWoordenboek)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[doordat]]

+ * [[doorgaan]]

+ * [[doorgang]]

+ * [[doorbreken]]

+ * [[doorlopen]]

+ * [[doorgeven]]

+ * [[doorhalen]]

+ * [[doorslaan]]

+ * [[doorstart]]

+ * [[doorhebben]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[darm]]

+ * [[draaien]]

+ * [[en|through]]

+ * [[de|durch]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A separate, obsolete noun ''door'' meant “fool”: Middle Dutch ''dore'' is recorded in Brabant from 1265, a noun made from an adjective ''dore'' “foolish”, related to German ''Tor'' and to ''dwaas'' and ''duizelen''.^(VMNW)^(MNW)^(WNT) By 1912 the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal called it wholly obsolete in the Netherlands.^(WNT) Swedish ''dåre'' “fool” comes from Dutch or Low German.^(Van der Sijs 2010) In Brabant and Zeeland dialects ''door'' or ''doren'' is the yolk of an egg, from Middle Dutch ''doder'', the source of ''dooier''.^(Debrabandere 2010)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}