wie Dutch · revision 37116

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Old Dutch (Wachtendonck Psalms)|origins=ine-pro *kʷo-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʋi/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''wie''' (interrogative and relative pronoun; genitive ''wiens'' (masculine), ''wier'' (feminine and plural); formal object form ''wien'')^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ An old genitive ''wies'' survives in dialects.^(WNT) Eastern dialects say ''wee'', and West Flemish ''wij''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|wie]], [[inh|odt|wie]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hwaʀ]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hwaz|t=who]].^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same pronoun is [[osx|hwē]], [[ofs|hwā]] (modern [[fy|wa]]), [[ang|hwā]] (modern [[en|who]]) and [[got|𐍈𐌰𐍃|tr=ƕas]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) Its Proto-Germanic source continues the interrogative stem [[ine-pro|*kʷo-]], also found in [[sa|कः|tr=káḥ|t=who]], [[lt|kàs|t=who]], [[la|quis|t=who]] and [[grc|τίς|tr=tís|t=who]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|438) [[goh|wer]] (modern [[de|wer]]) has a different vowel and goes back to [[gem-pro|*hwiz]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The Old Dutch and Old Saxon form with ⟨e⟩ does not match ⟨*hwaz⟩ directly, and the EWN, De Vries and the WNT think it probably a newer form made after [[die]] “that, who”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|438) It may also go straight back to [[gem-pro|*hwēi]], [[ine-pro|*kʷē-i]], the same formation as [[la|quī|t=who, which]] and [[sga|cía|t=who]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century ask ''uuie sal geuan mi fetheron also duuon'', “who will give me wings like a dove?”.^(EWN)^(ONW) Old Dutch uses the word only in direct questions.^(ONW) Middle Dutch ''wie'' is first found in 1201–1225, in a Limburg text: “then it becomes clear who is truly a virgin”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch ''wie'' was both interrogative and relative: a rule of 1254 says ''wie dat ten clockeslaghe niet ne comd'', “whoever is not there when the bell strikes”, must pay.^(EWN)^(VMNW) The rare form ''we'' appears in 1240.^(EWN) The case forms developed separately: ''wiens'' as the newer masculine genitive, ''wier'' for the feminine and the plural, and ''wien'' as the dative and accusative;^(WNT) Hooft and Lambert ten Kate set them out in tables.^(WNT) In Flemish dialects ''wie'' can also stand for ''wat'' “what”.^(WNT)

+

+ The pronoun lives on in Afrikaans ''wie'', in Negerhollands ''wie'', ''awi'' and ''widi'', and in Berbice Dutch ''wi''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – ''Uuie'' “who” appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+ * 1201–1225 – Middle Dutch ''wie'' is recorded in Limburg.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1236 – ''Wien'', as a relative, appears in a Ghent rule.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1254 – ''Wie dat'' “whoever” introduces a rule about lateness.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1635 – Hooft's tables of the case forms of ''wie'' are printed by Ten Kate.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # (interrogative) [[m|en|who]], whom: ''Wie heeft er gebeld?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (relative, with the antecedent included) Whoever, the one who: ''Wie te laat komt, mist de trein.''^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # (relative, after a preposition) Who, whom, referring to a person: ''de collega met wie ik samenwerk''.^(Wiktionary)

+ # (indefinite, in ''wie dan ook'') Anyone at all, no matter who.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[wat]]

+ * [[welk]]

+ * [[hoe]]

+ * [[waar]]

+ * [[wanneer]]

+ * [[en|who]]

+ * [[de|wer]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Wien'' is formal or old-fashioned; ordinary Dutch uses ''wie'' as object too.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) Eastern Middle Dutch and modern Limburg and Hageland dialects also have an adverb ''wie'' “how, as”, the counterpart of German ''wie''; it is a form of the word that standard Dutch has as ''hoe''.^(VMNW)^(WNT)^(Weijnen 2003)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}