alles Dutch · revision 37115

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=1561|origins=gem-pro *allaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈɑləs/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''alles''' (indefinite pronoun, invariable)^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ In the 16th and 17th centuries it was also written ''all's'', ''alls'', ''al's'' and ''als''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is probably the genitive of [[al]] “all”, itself [[gem-pro|*allaz|t=all]], just as [[niets]] and [[iets]] are genitives.^(EWN)^(WNT)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|49)^(Wiktionary) Middle Dutch used the genitive after verbs that governed that case, as in ⟨alles te darvene⟩ “to lack everything” (13th century); when the case system decayed, such a genitive was taken as an accusative and then as a subject form.^(EWN)^(WNT)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The ordinary Middle Dutch nominative and accusative were ⟨allet⟩, ⟨alle⟩ and ⟨al⟩.^(WNT)

+

+ The German word looks the same, but its ⟨s⟩ comes from ⟨z⟩: [[de|alles]] continues [[goh|allaz]], the neuter of [[goh|al|alt=all]], like [[got|𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌰|tr=allata]].^(WNT)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) De Vries thought it likely that Dutch borrowed the word, because the High German form fits the meaning better.^(De Vries 1971) Franck and Van Wijk left both possibilities open.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) De Vries and De Tollenaere reject the German source, while the EWN and the WNT think German probably helped the genitive win.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|49)^(EWN)^(WNT) Wiktionary notes that western German dialects have ⟨alles⟩ where it cannot go back to the neuter nominative.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Middle Dutch also had an adverbial genitive [[m|dum|alles]], usually contracted to ⟨als⟩, meaning “altogether”, like [[got|𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃|tr=allis]].^(MNW)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ As an independent pronoun ''alles'' is recorded in 1561, in ''ende alles met hen ooghen ghesien'', “and seen everything with their own eyes”.^(EWN) Kiliaan's dictionary of 1599 has it, and in 1607 it also gives ''t'alles'' “altogether”.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 17th century ''alles'' replaced the old singular pronoun ''al'', which survives only in fixed phrases; in the States Bible it was already the usual word.^(WNT)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The States Bible also gave the phrase ''alles in allen'', said of God, “all in all”.^(WNT) Used as a noun, ''het alles'' is everything that matters to someone, as when a person is called someone's all.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ The WNT records ''alles is wel, maar…'', “that is all very well, but…” (1784), and the sailors' hail ''Alles wel?'' with its answer ''Alles wel!''.^(WNT) ''Een manusje van alles'' is a jack-of-all-trades.^(Stoett 1923) The modern curse ''krijg alles!'' wishes every possible illness on someone.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001) Afrikaans has ''alles''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''alles te darvene'' “to lack everything” shows the genitive after a verb.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|49)

+ * 1561 – ''Alles'' is used as an independent pronoun.^(EWN)

+ * 1599–1607 – Kiliaan records ''alles''.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(EWN)

+ * 1688 – An edition of the States Bible has ''Op dat Godt zy alles in allen''.^(WNT)

+ * 1784 – ''Alles is wel, Piet, maar…'' is recorded.^(WNT)

+ * 1884 – The WNT describes ''Alles wel!'' as a lookout's call on warships.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|everything]], all things, the whole of what is meant: ''Ze heeft alles opgegeten.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Followed by an adjective with ''-s'': everything that is so: ''alles nieuws''.^(WNT)

+ # In ''van alles'', all sorts of things.^(WNT)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(het alles)'' Everything, the most important or valuable thing in someone's life: ''Haar kinderen waren haar alles.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[allesbehalve]]

+ * [[allesomvattend]]

+ * [[alleseter]]

+ * [[allesweter]]

+ * [[allesverterend]]

+ * [[allesbrander]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[al]]

+ * [[iets]]

+ * [[niets]]

+ * [[de|alles]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Een manusje van alles'' is someone who can be used for any task;^(Stoett 1923) Stoett takes ''Manus'' as the common man's name, a shortening of ''Hermanus'', and rejects the explanation from Latin ''manus'' “hand”.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}