uit Dutch · revision 37113

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=870, Old Dutch (place name Vttrecht)|origins=ine-pro *úd}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /œy̯t/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''uit'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Dialectal and Middle Dutch ''uut''.^(MNW)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|uut]] (also [[m|dum|ûte]]), [[inh|odt|ūt]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*ūt]], [[inh|gem-pro|*ūt|t=out]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|ūt]], [[goh|ūz]] (modern [[de|aus]]), [[ofs|ūt]] (modern [[fy|út]]), [[ang|ūt]] (modern [[en|out]]), [[non|út]] (modern [[sv|ut]]) and [[got|𐌿𐍄|tr=ūt]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|395)

+

+ It continues the adverb [[ine-pro|*úd|t=up, out]], also found in [[sa|उद्|tr=úd|t=upward, outward]], [[cu|вы-|tr=vy-|t=out]] and the Old Irish verbal prefix [[m|sga|ud-]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Van Veen and the WNT also compare [[grc|ὕστερος|tr=hústeros|t=later]].^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(WNT) Kroonen explains the long vowel of the Germanic form by the word's being a monosyllable, while the EWN calls its origin uncertain and points out that the short vowel of English [[m|en|utter]] and [[m|en|utmost]] is fairly recent.^(Kroonen 2013)^(EWN) A derivative [[m|ine-pro|*uds]] probably gave, through an assimilated ⟨*us⟩, the prefix [[gem-pro|*uz-]] of [[oor-]].^(EWN)

+

+ The adverb is older than the preposition, for which Germanic at first used that other particle, as in [[got|𐌿𐍃|tr=us|t=out of]].^(MNW) Beside the short form stood a longer one, eastern Middle Dutch [[m|dum|uter|t=out of]], as [[goh|ūzar]] (modern [[de|außer|t=except]]) and [[ang|ūtor]], and a form in ⟨-n⟩ that underlies [[buiten]].^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''ūt'' is first found in the place name ''Vttrecht'', now Utrecht, in 870.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|395) As an adverb it appears in a late 9th-century charm, ''Gang ūt nesso'' “go out, worm!”, and in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms, in ''ne sal ic ut faron'' “I will not go away”.^(EWN) The preposition “out of” is first recorded around 1100 in the Leiden Willeram, of driving people out of their land.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''ute'' also meant “at an end”: a Ghent rule of 1236 tells the reader to say a psalm verse ''ute'', to its end.^(EWN)^(VMNW) The preposition meant “coming from”, as in ''uter herten'' “from the heart” (1240).^(EWN) It governs the dative, and in Middle Dutch it usually fused with the article into ''uter'' and ''uten''.^(EWN) The WNT notes that its development largely runs parallel to that of [[van]]: from “having left” come the senses of distance, separation, origin, cause, means and material.^(WNT)

+

+ As the first part of verbs ''uit'' gained new senses, some of them very productive: “to the end”, as in [[uitlezen]] and [[uitbranden]], “loudly, strongly”, as in [[uitschelden]] and [[uitjouwen]], and “emptying”, as in [[uitroken]].^(EWN) In 1965 ''uit'' appears in the sense “out of fashion”, translated from the English word.^(Reinsma 1975) The word passed into Negerhollands (''ut'', ''it'', ''yt'' “to switch off; not burning”), Berbice Dutch (''oiti''), Kupang Malay (''aut'' “outside”) and Jakarta Malay, where ''hit-hit'' means “finished!”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 870 – Old Dutch ''ūt'' in the place name ''Vttrecht'' (Utrecht).^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 891–900 – ''Gang ūt nesso'' “go out, worm!” in a charm.^(EWN)

+ * 901–1000 – ''Ne sal ic ut faron'' “I will not go away” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1100 – The preposition in the Leiden Willeram.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1200 – The Middle Dutch preposition in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1236 – ''Ute'' “to the end” in Ghent.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * c. 1540 – ''Vuyt mynder zyden ran water en bloed'' “out of my side ran water and blood”.^(EWN)

+ * 1965 – ''Uit'' “out of fashion”.^(Reinsma 1975)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|out]], outward: ''Hij liep de kamer uit.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Towards a destination or in a direction: ''We gaan morgen de stad uit.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Through to the end of a period: ''Ze bleef de hele maand uit.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(with er, daar)'' Outside of what is named: ''Hij lag er al na de eerste ronde uit.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Not at home, gone out: ''Mijn ouders zijn vanavond uit.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(sports)'' On the opponent's ground, [[m|en|away]]: ''Zondag spelen we uit.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Over, [[m|en|finished]]: ''De les is om drie uur uit.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Off, not burning or not switched on: ''Het licht in de gang is uit.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(sports)'' Of a ball, outside the lines of the field.^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ===Preposition===

+ # Out of, not in: ''Ze stapte uit de auto.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Away from: ''Ga uit de weg!''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Beyond: ''uit het zicht''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(with an infinitive)'' In order to: ''uit wandelen gaan''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # [[m|en|from]], coming from, by means of: ''Ze komt uit Leuven.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Out of, because of: ''Hij deed het uit jaloezie.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[uiten]]

+ * [[uiteen]]

+ * [[uitbuiten]]

+ * [[uitbaten]]

+ * [[uitmunten]]

+ * [[uittocht]]

+ * [[achteruit]]

+ * [[vooruit]]

+ * [[eruit]]

+ * [[vanuit]]

+ * [[veruit]]

+ * [[voluit]]

+ * [[ronduit]]

+ * [[hooguit]]

+ * [[languit]]

+ * [[onderuit]]

+ * [[vrijuit]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[buiten]]

+ * [[oor-]]

+ * [[en|out]]

+ * [[de|aus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Van Dale records set phrases such as ''een avondje uit'' “an evening out”, ''samen uit, samen thuis'' “what we start together we finish together” and ''en daarmee uit!'' “and that's that!”.^(Van Dale 2014) Stoett explains ''er over uit zijn'' “to be overjoyed about something” as being out of a difficulty, and notes that in dialects it means “to be out for something”, a sense found in Bredero.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}