mij Dutch · revision 37110

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *miz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /mɛi̯/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''mij'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Unstressed ''me''.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|mi]], [[inh|odt|mī]], [[inh|gem-pro|*miz]], in form a dative.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|248) Old Dutch already used it for the accusative too, since the North Sea Germanic languages made little or no distinction between the cases here.^(EWN)^(Vercoullie 1925) Old High German, Old Norse and Gothic kept them apart, with the datives [[goh|mir]] (modern [[de|mir]]), [[non|mér]] and [[got|𐌼𐌹𐍃|tr=mis]] beside the accusatives [[m|goh|mih]] (modern [[m|de|mich]]), [[m|non|mik]] and [[m|got|𐌼𐌹𐌺|tr=mik]], while [[osx|mī]], [[ofs|mi]] (modern [[fy|my]]) and [[ang|mē]] (modern [[en|me]]) resemble Dutch.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|248)^(Vercoullie 1925) The Germanic accusative is reconstructed as [[gem-pro|*mek|alt=*me-k]], whose ⟨-k⟩ was probably taken from the nominative [[ik]].^(EWN)

+

+ The dative is related to [[la|mihi]], [[grc|ἐμοί|tr=emoí]], [[sa|मह्यम्|tr=máhyam]], [[lt|mán]] and [[cu|мьнѣ|tr=mĭně]], from [[ine-pro|*h₁meǵʰio]] and [[m|ine-pro|*h₁mei]], although the exact relations between the forms are not always clear and the origin of the Germanic ending ⟨*-z⟩ is unknown.^(EWN) The accusative is related to [[m|grc|ἐμέ|tr=emé]], [[m|sa|माम्|tr=mām]], [[m|lt|manè]] and [[m|cu|мѧ|tr=mę]], from [[ine-pro|*h₁me-]].^(EWN)^(Vercoullie 1925)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''mi'' appears in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms as both dative and accusative: ''uue sal leidon mi'' “who will lead me?”, ''angegin mi'' “against me”, ''Ginathi mi'' “have mercy on me”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW) The Leiden Willeram of about 1100 has separate dative ''mir'' and accusative ''mich''.^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''mi'' served as dative and accusative and as a reflexive, and with ''selve'' or ''selven'' it meant “myself”; the earliest record is from the Lower Rhine area in 1201.^(VMNW) The MNW also notes the “ethical” dative inserted for liveliness, which modern Dutch expresses with ''me''.^(MNW) In Early Modern Dutch the spelling became ''mij'', and in unstressed position ''me'' appears, as in ''zo steictme'' “so it stings me” (1527–40).^(EWN)

+

+ Today ''mij'' is the stressed object form beside unstressed ''me''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) The pronoun passed into Negerhollands, where ''mi'' and ''mie'' meant “I, me, my”, and into Chinese Malay, and Afrikaans has [[m|af|my]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – ''Uue sal leidon mi'' “who will lead me?” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – Dative ''mir'' and accusative ''mich'' in the Leiden Willeram.^(ONW)

+ * 1201 – Middle Dutch reflexive ''mi'' in the Lower Rhine area.^(VMNW)

+ * 1275 – ''Mins selues segel'' “my own seal” in Holland.^(VMNW)

+ * 1527–40 – Unstressed ''me'' in ''zo steictme'' “so it stings me”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|me]], the stressed object form of [[ik]]: ''Geef het boek aan mij, niet aan hem.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # After a preposition: ''Kom maar naast mij zitten.''^(WikiWoordenboek)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' [[m|en|myself]]: ''Ik schaam mij daarvoor.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ik]]

+ * [[mijn]]

+ * [[me]]

+ * [[de|mir]]

+ * [[de|mich]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Van mij mag je'' means “go ahead, though I have my doubts”.^(Van Dale 2014) Middle Dutch ''mi'' could also be a form of [[men]] “one”, from 1359.^(MNW)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}