maken Dutch · revision 37108

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gmw-pro *makōn}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈmaːkə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''maken'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Dialectal strong past tense ''miek''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|maken]], [[inh|odt|makon]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*makōn]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) The same verb is [[osx|makōn]], [[goh|mahhōn]] (modern [[de|machen]]), [[ofs|makia]] (modern [[fy|meitsje]]) and [[ang|macian]] (modern [[en|make]]), all meaning “to make, build, create”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|238) In the early stages it is found only in West Germanic, and [[non|maka]] is a loan from Middle Low German.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ It is probably derived from a Germanic root ⟨*mak-⟩ “fitting, suitable”, which is also behind [[gemak]], [[mak]] and [[makker]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) Kroonen derives the verb from the adjective [[gem-pro|*makaz|alt=*maka-|t=fit, suitable]], with an original sense “to match, put together”, and Franck and Van Wijk likewise started from “to join” and compared [[sga|mám|t=yoke]].^(Kroonen 2013)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The EWN connects the root with [[grc|μάσσω|tr=mássō|t=to knead]], [[cu|мазати|tr=mazati|t=to smear]] and [[br|meza|t=to knead]], from [[ine-pro|*mh₂eǵ-|t=to smear]]: the sense would have developed from daubing walls with clay in house-building, compare [[la|māceria|t=clay wall]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|238) A trace of that sense survives in [[is|maka|t=to smear]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Van Haeringen defended the comparison with Greek words for kneading against Franck and Van Wijk, while Kroonen thinks “to match” the more likely first meaning, which makes these comparisons obsolete.^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms Old Dutch ''makon'' means “to make”: ''stric macodon fuoti mina'' “they made a snare for my feet”.^(EWN)^(ONW) The Leiden Willeram of about 1100 also uses it for “to create”, “to cause” and “to make (someone) so”.^(ONW) The first Middle Dutch record is from the Lower Rhine area in 1201, of making a great fire.^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the start Middle Dutch ''maken'' covered making, putting into a state, causing and repairing: a Ghent text of 1237 speaks of who caused (''ghemaket'') a wound, and there are ''wedwe maken'' “to make a widow” (1240), ''hi der nonnen makde sur har leuen'' “he made the nun's life bitter” (1265–70) and ''vanden houden kocghe te makene'' “for mending the wooden cog” (1284).^(EWN)^(VMNW) It also meant to lay down laws or taxes, as in Ghent in 1237.^(VMNW) The MNW suggests that the original sense may have been “to join, arrange”, and notes ''dat bedde maken'' “to make the bed”, then not only a maid's task.^(MNW) The WNT has the sense “to bequeath” (1785), now usually [[vermaken]], and the billiards term ''een bal maken'' “to pocket a ball” (1839).^(WNT)

+

+ In the 1960s ''het maken'' “to make it, to succeed” was taken from American English.^(Reinsma 1975)^(Van der Sijs 2005) From the 1980s ''maken'' was used with abstract objects such as art, policy or theatre.^(Reinsma 1984) In Jewish Dutch ''sjabbes maken'' and ''zich niets weten maken'' “to pretend not to know” follow Yiddish.^(Beem 1974)^(Beem 1975)

+

+ Danish, Norwegian and Swedish borrowed the verb from Dutch or Low German, and it is the source of French [[m|fr|maquiller]] “to make up; to falsify”, so that [[maquilleren]], borrowed from French, is a doublet of the Dutch verb.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) It also lives on in Negerhollands (''maak'', ''mak''), Skepi Dutch and Javindo.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – ''Stric macodon fuoti mina'' “they made a snare for my feet” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Makon'' “to create, to cause” in the Leiden Willeram.^(ONW)

+ * 1201 – Middle Dutch ''makete ein vur grot'' “made a great fire”, Lower Rhine area.^(VMNW)

+ * 1237 – ''Ghemaket'' “caused”, of a wound, in Ghent.^(EWN)

+ * 1284 – ''Te makene'' “to mend”, of a ship.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1785 – ''Maken'' “to bequeath”.^(WNT)

+ * 1839 – ''Een bal maken'' at billiards.^(WNT)

+ * 1964 – ''Het maken'' “to succeed”.^(Reinsma 1975)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|repair]], fix what is broken: ''Kun jij mijn fiets maken?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To make, [[m|en|create]], produce: ''Ze maakt een tekening van het huis.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To put into a state or position, make so: ''Die muziek maakt me vrolijk.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of amounts, to come to: ''Drie keer vier maakt twaalf.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(het maken)'' To succeed, make it.^(Reinsma 1975)^(Van der Sijs 2005)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[maker]]

+ * [[maaksel]]

+ * [[makelij]]

+ * [[maakbaar]]

+ * [[vermaken]]

+ * [[aanmaken]]

+ * [[afmaken]]

+ * [[klaarmaken]]

+ * [[meemaken]]

+ * [[opmaken]]

+ * [[uitmaken]]

+ * [[goedmaken]]

+ * [[namaken]]

+ * [[kleermaker]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[doen]]

+ * [[gemak]]

+ * [[mak]]

+ * [[makker]]

+ * [[maquilleren]]

+ * [[en|make]]

+ * [[de|machen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Stoett explains ''iemand kunnen maken en breken'' as being far stronger than someone, and ''iemand voeten maken'' as chasing someone off.^(Stoett 1923) De Vreese condemned the Southern Dutch ''de gulden maakt honderd cent'', after French ''faire'', as a gallicism.^(De Vreese 1899)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}