dus Dutch · revision 37106

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Willeram|origins=gem-pro *þus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /dʏs/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dus'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle Dutch had both ''dus'' and ''dos''.^(MNW)^(Wiktionary)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|115)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|dus]], [[inh|odt|thus]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*þus]], [[inh|gem-pro|*þus]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|thus]], [[ofs|thus]] and [[ang|þus]] (modern [[en|thus]]), all meaning “so”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) It is found only in West Germanic, and only in part of it.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ It is the pronoun stem [[ine-pro|*tu-]] with the adverbial suffix ⟨-s⟩.^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|115)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) This ⟨*tu⟩, a particle beside the demonstrative stem ⟨*to-⟩ of [[de]], is kept in [[sa|तु|tr=tu|t=but, yet]], and it stands beside ⟨*tou⟩, the source of [[doch]].^(De Vries 1971)^(EWN) Franck and Van Wijk noted that the form recalls the feminine and neuter forms of the pronoun [[deze]], and the WNT considered the formation not yet fully explained.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''thus'' “thus, as follows” appears in the Willeram of about 1100, in ''tho thie parentes thus quathan'' “when the parents spoke thus” and ''Nu helphewir hiro thus'', “now let us help her thus”.^(ONW)^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''dus spraken die brieue'', “thus said the letters”, is from 1201–1225, and a Limburg glossary of 1240 has ''dos vele'' for Latin ''tantum''.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The original sense, “in this way, so”, is now old-fashioned but survives in [[aldus]].^(EWN) The ONW notes that in Old Dutch ''thus'' was being pushed aside by ''sus'', under the influence of ''so'', which is why modern Dutch says ''zus en zo''.^(ONW) Middle Dutch also used it for “to such a degree” and, from 1265–1270, for “therefore”.^(EWN)^(VMNW) Van der Sijs dates the conjunction to 1350.^(Van der Sijs 2001) A 16th- and 17th-century adjectival use, “such”, lived on as ''dusch'' “such a”.^(WNT)

+

+ The consequence sense became the main one, and in speech the word is also a modal particle, as in a question that checks a conclusion, recorded in 1992.^(EWN)^(Van Dale 2014) As an official-sounding word from government documents it was borrowed into Indonesian ''dus'', Javanese ''dos'', Ambonese Malay and Manado Malay ''des'' and Sranan ''dùs'', and into West Frisian.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''thus'' appears in the Willeram.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+ * 1201–1225 – Middle Dutch ''dus'' is recorded.^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * 1240 – ''Dos vele'' “so much” glosses Latin ''tantum''.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1265–1270 – ''Dos'' is used for “therefore”.^(EWN)

+ * 1350 – Van der Sijs dates the conjunction to this year.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1992 – The particle use in questions is recorded.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # So, [[m|en|therefore]], as follows from what was said: ''Het regent, dus ik neem de bus.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(ANW)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(formal)'' In this way, [[m|en|thus]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+ # Used as a filler with little meaning: ''Ik zat dus in de trein, en toen …''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # In questions, checking a conclusion: ''Je komt dus niet?''^(EWN)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[aldus]]

+ * [[dusver]]

+ * [[dusdoende]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[doch]]

+ * [[de]]

+ * [[deze]]

+ * [[zus]]

+ * [[en|thus]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In Zeeland a separate adjective ''dus'' means “sluggish, listless”, from ''duts'' “wretch”.^(Debrabandere 2007)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}