haar Dutch · revision 37103

+ {{homograph|1|her}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *h₁e}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɦaːr/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''haar''' (personal pronoun, object form of [[zij]]); possessive '''haar''', independent '''hare'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Older and archaic possessive: ''heur''.^(Wiktionary)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The pronoun is [[inh|dum|haer]] (also [[m|dum|hare]], [[m|dum|huere]]), [[inh|odt|iro]] (later [[m|odt|hiro]]), [[inh|gem-pro|*iz-|t=of her, of them]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) It was at first the genitive of the third-person pronoun, singular feminine and plural, and in the feminine singular also its dative.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(EWN) The same forms without /h/ are [[osx|iru]], [[m|osx|iro]], [[goh|ira]] (modern [[de|ihr]]), [[m|goh|iro]] and [[got|𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃|tr=izōs]], [[m|got|𐌹𐌶𐌴|tr=izē]]; with /h/ they are [[ofs|hiri]] (modern [[fy|har]]) and [[ang|hiere]] (modern [[en|her]]), [[m|ang|hiera]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ In the North Sea Germanic area and parts of Middle Franconian a particle ⟨h-⟩, probably demonstrative in origin, was put before the old stem, as also in [[hij]], [[hem]] and [[hun]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The Wachtendonck Psalms mostly lack it, because the inland dialect of their reviser had no /h/ there.^(EWN)

+

+ Proto-Indo-European had no separate set of third-person pronouns, and the Germanic forms continue the demonstrative [[ine-pro|*h₁e]], whose genitive feminine singular is reconstructed as [[m|ine-pro|*h₁eseh₂s]] and genitive plural as [[m|ine-pro|*h₁éso(m)]].^(EWN) With the same function are [[la|eius]], [[m|la|eārum]] and [[sa|अस्याः|tr=asyās]].^(EWN) The rounded vowel of [[m|dum|hore]] (modern archaic [[heur]]) has been put down to the following /r/, or to the genitive plural ending ⟨-o⟩.^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century ''iro'' is still a genitive, as in ''ōron iro'' “her ears” and ''mura iro'' “its walls”, of a city.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) In the Leiden Willeram of about 1100 ''hiro'' is already inflected as an independent possessive, in ''hiron peruersis dogmatibus'' “(in) their perverse teachings”, of heretics.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As a personal pronoun Middle Dutch ''haer'' was the inflected form of ''si'' “she”; at first it was only the dative, but it spread to the accusative, a North Sea Germanic development.^(EWN) It was also the genitive of ''si'' “they”, a role modern Dutch has handed to [[hun]].^(EWN) Middle Dutch had no reflexive pronoun and used ''haer'' for “herself, themselves”, as in a 1285 line where a spring ''deelt haer'' “divides itself” into four rivers; only from the 14th century did the German loan [[zich]] spread from east to west, mainly in writing.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ The possessive likewise served the plural in Middle Dutch, and was largely replaced there by ''hun'' only in modern Dutch, at first only in writing.^(EWN) In unstressed position the accusative kept the reduced form ''-se'', now spelled ''ze''.^(EWN) The possessive passed into Chinese Malay as ''har''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''iro'' in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Hiro'' as an inflected possessive in the Leiden Willeram.^(EWN)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''hars selues'' “of themselves” in Ghent.^(VMNW)

+ * 1254 – The Middle Dutch possessive ''haer''.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|153)

+ * 1285 – ''Deelt haer'' “divides itself”, of a spring, in the Rijmbijbel.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|her]], the object form of [[zij]]: ''Ik heb haar gisteren gesproken.''^(Wiktionary)^(EWN)

+

+ ===Determiner===

+ # Her: ''haar fiets''.^(Wiktionary)^(EWN)

+ # ''(archaic)'' [[m|en|their]].^(Wiktionary)^(EWN)

+

+ {{homograph|2|hair}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Leiden Willeram|origins=gem-pro *hērą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɦaːr/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''haar''' ''n or c'' (plural haren, diminutive haartje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The hair is [[inh|dum|haer]] (also [[m|dum|hâr]]), [[inh|odt|hār]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hār]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hērą|t=hair]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|hār]], [[goh|hār]] (modern [[de|Haar]]), [[ofs|hēr]] (modern [[fy|hier]]), [[ang|hǣr]] (modern [[en|hair]], spelled under the influence of [[fro|haire|t=hair shirt]]) and [[non|hár]] (modern [[sv|hår]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) No Gothic form is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ Its further origin is unclear.^(EWN) It has traditionally been linked with [[lt|šerỹs|t=pig's bristle]] and [[ru|шерсть|tr=šerstʹ|t=wool]], from [[ine-pro|*ḱer-|alt=*ḱer(s)-|t=stiff hair, bristle]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936) Another possibility is that the Germanic noun goes back, with grammatical change and rhotacism, to [[ine-pro|*kēs-ró-]], from the root [[ine-pro|*kes-|t=to comb, card]] of [[cu|коса|tr=kosa|t=hair]], [[m|cu|чесати|tr=česati|t=to comb]], [[lt|kasà|t=braid]] and perhaps [[sga|cír|t=comb]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) Given the meaning and the narrow spread of the word, the EWN also considers a pre-Indo-European substrate word.^(EWN) Older scholars derived it from [[ine-pro|*(s)ker-|t=to cut]], the root of [[scheren]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|153) Kroonen takes [[haring]] to be named after this word, for the fish's many thin bones.^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''hār'' is first recorded around 1100, in the Leiden Willeram.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Wiktionary) In Middle Dutch ''har'' is found in Ghent in 1236, and the Limburg glossary of 1240 uses ''haer'' both for a single hair and for the hair of the head.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The plural was originally the same as the singular, and speakers came to take it as a singular with a collective sense; beside it a new plural ''haren'' arose for a number of separate hairs, still uncommon in Middle Dutch, though found in ''seuen hairen'' “seven hairs” of 1265–70.^(EWN) The word was neuter from the beginning, but in the Netherlands today ''het haar'' is the collective and ''de haar'' a single hair.^(EWN)^(Van Dale 2014) Already in 13th-century Middle Dutch a hair stood for a trifle, and ''niet een haer'' meant “not at all”.^(VMNW)

+

+ Many sayings use the word: ''wilde haren'' for youthful high spirits (1732), ''een haar in de boter zoeken'' “to look for something to find fault with”, ''haar op de tanden hebben'' “to be able to stand up for oneself”, and ''de gelegenheid bij de haren grijpen'' “to seize the opportunity”, which Stoett compares with French ''prendre l'occasion aux cheveux'' and links to the Greek image of Opportunity with a forelock.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014)^(Stoett 1923) The oath ''bij Gods haar'' became a curse and later an exclamation.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001) In Surinamese Dutch ''goed haar'' is straight hair.^(Van Donselaar 1989) The word passed into Negerhollands (''haar'', ''hā''), Berbice Dutch (''hari'') and Skepi Dutch (''har'').^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''hār'' in the Leiden Willeram.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''har'' in Ghent.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – The Limburg glossary Bernardus has ''haer'' for single hairs and the hair of the head.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1265–70 – The new plural ''hairen''.^(EWN)

+ * 1573 – ''Haerkens in de nase'' “little hairs in the nose”.^(WNT)

+ * 1732 – ''Wilde hairen'' “youthful wildness”.^(WNT)

+ * 1785 – ''Haarfijn'', at first of fine shirts and handkerchiefs.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(het)'' [[m|en|hair]], all the hairs covering the skin or a part of it.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(het)'' The hair of the head: ''Ze heeft lang, donker haar.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(de)'' A single hair, one of the thin [[m|en|keratin]] threads growing from the skin of people and many animals: ''Er zit een haar in de soep.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(biology)'' A hair-like outgrowth on the skin of a plant, a [[m|en|trichome]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A very small amount: ''Hij is geen haar beter.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[harig]]

+ * [[behaard]]

+ * [[haarfijn]]

+ * [[haarscherp]]

+ * [[haarkloven]]

+ * [[haardos]]

+ * [[haarlijn]]

+ * [[haarloos]]

+ * [[ontharen]]

+ * [[verharen]]

+ * [[hoofdhaar]]

+ * [[schaamhaar]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[zij]]

+ * [[hij]]

+ * [[hem]]

+ * [[hun]]

+ * [[heur]]

+ * [[haring]]

+ * [[en|her]]

+ * [[en|hair]]

+ * [[de|Haar]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Haar'' “sandy rise, wooded hill in the heath” lives in eastern dialects and in place names such as Haren, and is recorded in Old Dutch place names from 893; it is linked with a Swedish dialect word for stony ground.^(ONW)^(Van Berkel & Samplonius 2018)^(De Vries 1971) ''Haar'' “dry, harsh”, of wind, is an Overijssel dialect word from [[gem-pro|*harwaz|alt=*harwa-|t=sharp]], related to [[de|herb]];^(De Vaan 2020|40)^(De Vries 1971) Middle Dutch ''hare'' was a cold, biting wind.^(De Vaan 2020|40)^(De Vries 1971) From it comes English ''haar'' “sea mist, cold east wind”, recorded since 1671.^(De Vries 1971)^(Van der Sijs 2010) The call ''haar'' “left!” to a horse is recorded from 1616.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}