goed Dutch · revision 37101

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *gōdaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɣut/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''goed''' (comparative beter, superlative best)^(Wiktionary)

+ Inflected ''goede'', colloquially ''goeie'';^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) ''goe'' in some set phrases.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ The noun has the plural ''goederen'', found from the 16th century.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|goet]], [[inh|odt|guot]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*gōd]], [[inh|gem-pro|*gōdaz|t=good]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|gōd]], [[goh|guot]] (modern [[de|gut]]), [[ofs|gōd]] (modern [[fy|goed]]), [[ang|gōd]] (modern [[en|good]]), [[non|góðr]] and [[got|𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃|tr=gōþs]], all meaning “good, fine, fitting”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Its first sense was probably “fitting, proper”: the adjective is an ablaut form beside [[gem-pro|*gadōną|alt=*gadōn-|t=to fit, go together]] and the noun behind Middle Dutch [[m|dum|gader|t=together]], found in [[vergaderen]]; see [[gade]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Kroonen calls it an o-grade adjective formed from a lost strong verb meaning “to fit”.^(Kroonen 2013) De Vries preferred a sense “what is fitting within the community”, pointing to [[osx|gigado|t=one's equal]] and [[got|𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃|tr=gadiliggs|t=kinsman]].^(De Vries 1971) Outside Germanic the sources compare [[ru|годный|tr=gódnyj|t=fit, suitable]] and [[lt|goda|t=honour]], from a root given as [[ine-pro|*gʰedʰ-|t=to unite, suit]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Wiktionary)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|146) [[grc|ἀγαθός|tr=agathós|t=good]] is not related.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The adjective has no regular comparison in the Germanic languages; [[beter]] and [[best]] serve instead.^(EWN) The noun is the adjective used as a noun.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century Old Dutch ''guot'' means “good; gentle, kind”, and in the Leiden Willeram of about 1100 ''guod'' is “good, precious”; the same text has the noun in ''al sin guod'' “all his property”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The first Middle Dutch record is ''gude'', from Limburg in 1200.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal still finds the old idea of “suiting, being fit for something” clearly in the adjective, whose many senses run from quality and correctness to kindness, health and skill.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014) Early Modern Dutch had a plural ''goey'' around 1540.^(EWN) In ''zich te goed doen'' “to treat oneself” ''goed'' is the noun in the sense “benefit”.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ The noun meant the moral good and, from Old Dutch on, property;^(EWN)^(VMNW) Middle Dutch used it of goods and wares, as in ''mijn schip en goet'' “my ship and cargo” (1596), and the plural ''goederen'' appears in 1551.^(EWN)^(VMNW) The proverb ''een goed begin is het halve werk'' is first written down in Dutch in the 17th century, in De Brune, after a line of Horace and a Greek saying.^(Stoett 1923) In Jewish Dutch ''goed'' was used in more situations and with more weight than in the standard language, and during the Second World War it could mean “on the side of the resistance”.^(Van de Kamp 2006)

+

+ The adjective passed into Negerhollands (''goed'', ''goei''), Skepi Dutch, Javindo and Ambonese Malay, and the noun into Sranan Tongo (''gudu'' “goods”), Saramaccan (''gúdu'' “wealth”) and, through Afrikaans, South African English (''goeters'').^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''guot'' in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Al sin guod'' “all his property” in the Leiden Willeram.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1200 – Middle Dutch ''gude'' in Limburg.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1236 – The noun in ''met al den gode'' “with all the property” of a hospital.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1540 – The plural ''goey''.^(EWN)

+ * 1551 – The plural noun ''goederen''.^(EWN)

+ * 1596 – ''Mijn schip en goet'' “my ship and cargo”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|good]], of high [[kwaliteit|alt=quality]]: ''Dit is een goed mes.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Right, [[m|en|correct]], as it should be: ''Dat antwoord is goed.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Favourable, advantageous: ''Hij heeft een goede baan gevonden.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Virtuous, honest: ''een goed mens''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Kind, friendly.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Healthy, normal: ''Hij voelt zich niet goed.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # Skilled: ''Ze is goed in wiskunde.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Pleasant: ''Het ga je goed.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Considerable, at least as much as: ''een goed uur rijden''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|well]]: ''Je hebt goed gewerkt.''^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # All right, fine, as agreement: ''Is goed!''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The good, what is as it should be: ''goed en kwaad''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+ # Goods, [[m|en|property]], things owned: ''gestolen goed''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ONW)

+ # Cloth, [[m|en|textiles]]; clothes.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(Belgium)'' A country [[m|en|estate]].^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[goedheid]]

+ * [[goedaardig]]

+ * [[goedhartig]]

+ * [[goedkoop]]

+ * [[goedmaken]]

+ * [[goedkeuren]]

+ * [[goedertieren]]

+ * [[goedgelovig]]

+ * [[goedschiks]]

+ * [[goedzak]]

+ * [[goedendag]]

+ * [[goedemorgen]]

+ * [[goedenavond]]

+ * [[voorgoed]]

+ * [[tegoed]]

+ * [[erfgoed]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[beter]]

+ * [[best]]

+ * [[gade]]

+ * [[vergaderen]]

+ * [[en|good]]

+ * [[de|gut]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Iemand iets ten goede houden'' means to excuse something in someone;^(Stoett 1923) Middle Dutch ''te goede houden'' was “to excuse, not hold against”.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}