denken Dutch · revision 37100

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *þankijaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈdɛŋkə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''denken'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Weak verb with an irregular past: ''dacht'', past participle ''gedacht''; older also ''docht'', ''gedocht''.^(WNT)^(MNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|denken]] (also [[m|dum|dinken]]), [[inh|odt|thenken]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*þankijan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*þankijaną|t=to think]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(ONW) The same word is [[osx|thenkian]], [[goh|denken]] (modern [[de|denken]]), [[ofs|thanka]], [[m|ofs|thenzia]] (modern [[fy|tinke]]), [[ang|þencan]] (modern [[en|think]]), [[non|þekkja|t=to perceive]] and [[got|𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=þagkjan|t=to think, consider]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ According to the EWN the Germanic verb must be a causative of an unrecorded primary verb with the root ⟨þink-⟩ or ⟨þank-⟩, see [[dunken]].^(EWN) Kroonen, noting that the meaning is stative, takes it to continue an o-grade present that is identical to [[la|tongeō|t=to know]].^(Kroonen 2013) Other comparisons are [[osc|tanginom|t=opinion]], [[txb|tankw|t=love]] and perhaps [[ru|тянуть|tr=tjanutʹ|t=to weigh]], from [[ine-pro|*teng-|t=to think, feel]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) De Vries noted that the word is found only in Germanic and Italic.^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ The irregular past has several causes: the ⟨-i-⟩ of the ending was lost very early, so there is no umlaut, and in Proto-Germanic ⟨kt⟩ became ⟨ht⟩; the /n/ was then lost before /h/ with lengthening of the vowel, giving [[gem-pro|*þāhta-|t=thought]], and Middle Dutch shortened the vowel again before ⟨cht⟩.^(EWN) The variant ⟨dinken⟩ arose by closing of the vowel before a nasal cluster, as in the English verb, and lives on in Afrikaans [[m|af|dink]]; it is not the western ⟨dinken⟩ that developed from ⟨dunken⟩.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century Old Dutch ''thencon'' means “to think”, as in ''thahton idele thing'' “they thought vain things”, and “to remember”, as in ''thenke te mi'' “think of me”.^(EWN)^(ONW) The same text uses it for “to intend”.^(ONW) The first Middle Dutch record is from the Lower Rhine around 1201, ''Do dahte uro cloyris'' “then lady Floris thought”.^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used ''denken'' intransitively, transitively and now and then impersonally; the intransitive verb took a genitive or the prepositions ''om'', ''op'' and ''van'', and Old Dutch also had ''te''.^(EWN) The transitive verb meant not only what it means now but also “to devise, plan” and “to remember”.^(EWN)^(VMNW) The infinitive used as a noun meant “thought, opinion” in 1299.^(VMNW)

+

+ The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal quotes the proverb ''zwijghen en dencken kan niemand krencken'' “keeping silent and thinking can hurt nobody” from 1657, and ''manier van denken'' “way of thinking” from 1766.^(WNT) In the 1960s ''dacht ik'' “I thought” was noted as a new, polite way of stating an opinion, as in ''ik dacht van wel'' “I think so”.^(Reinsma 1975) The verb passed into Danish, Norwegian and Swedish (from Dutch or Low German), into Negerhollands, Sranan Tongo and Aukan (''denki''), and through Sranan into Saramaccan (''tínga'') and Surinamese Javanese.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''thencon'' in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1201 – Middle Dutch ''dahte'' “thought” on the Lower Rhine.^(VMNW)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''dinken''.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|100)

+ * c. 1240 – ''Denken'' in the Limburg glossary Bernardus.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|100)^(VMNW)

+ * 1299 – ''Denken'' as a noun, “opinion, judgement”, in a Holland charter.^(VMNW)

+ * 1657 – ''Zwijghen en dencken kan niemand krencken''.^(WNT)

+ * 1766 – ''Manier van denken'' “way of thinking”.^(WNT)

+ * 1964–1965 – ''Dacht ik'' as a hedge on an opinion.^(Reinsma 1975)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|think]], use one's mind, form a [[m|en|judgement]]: ''Even denken, dan weet ik het.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # ''(with aan)'' To think of, have in mind; not to forget: ''Denk je aan de sleutels?''^(WikiWoordenboek)^(WNT)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with over)'' To consider, think about doing something.^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To [[m|en|believe]], be of the opinion: ''Ik denk dat het gaat regenen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To take into account, imagine: ''dat laat zich denken''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bedenken]]

+ * [[gedenken]]

+ * [[gedachte]]

+ * [[herdenken]]

+ * [[verdenken]]

+ * [[nadenken]]

+ * [[overdenken]]

+ * [[denkbaar]]

+ * [[denkelijk]]

+ * [[denker]]

+ * [[denkbeeld]]

+ * [[denkwijze]]

+ * [[andersdenkend]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dank]]

+ * [[dunken]]

+ * [[achterdocht]]

+ * [[aandacht]]

+ * [[de|denken]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}