worden Dutch · revision 37098

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *wert-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʋɔrdə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''worden''' (past ''werd'', plural ''werden''; past participle ''geworden'')^(WNT)

+ Middle Dutch used the infinitives ''werden'', ''worden'' and ''warden''.^(MNW)^(WNT)

+ In Holland ''werden'' was the usual form until about 1570, after which ''worden'' gained ground.^(WNT) In 1793 Marin called ''werden'' a mistake.^(WNT)

+ The past ''wierd'' arose by analogy, spread from 16th-century Flanders and lived on as a solemn, archaic variant into the 20th century.^(WNT) ''Werden'' and ''wierd'' survive in Flemish and Limburg dialects.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|werden]], [[inh|odt|werthan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*werþan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*werþaną|alt=*werþan-]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same verb is [[osx|werthan]], [[goh|werdan]] (modern [[de|werden]]), [[ofs|wertha]], [[ang|weorþan|alt=weorðan]], [[non|verða]] and [[got|𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽|tr=wairþan]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971) The Old English verb survives only in the archaic English phrase ⟨woe worth the day⟩.^(Van Haeringen 1936)

+

+ It is inherited from [[ine-pro|*wert-|t=to turn]], whose original meaning is kept in [[la|vertō|t=to turn]], [[sa|वर्तते|tr=vártate|t=turns, rolls]] and [[lt|versti|t=to turn over]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) In Germanic the meaning shifted from “to turn” to “to turn into, become”;^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) Kroonen suggests that [[goh|wurst|t=sausage]] may preserve the older sense “twist”.^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) The idea of turning is still visible in the suffix [[-waarts]], as in [[voorwaarts]], and the EWN connects [[waard]] as well.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) De Vries and De Tollenaere suggest that becoming may have been pictured as the result of braiding the thread of fate.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|445)

+

+ The usual Middle Dutch infinitive was ⟨werden⟩, with the past singular ⟨wart⟩ and the plural and participle ⟨worden⟩.^(EWN) The ⟨o⟩ of the modern infinitive arose from ⟨e⟩ after ⟨w⟩, a regional change, helped by the instability of /a/ before /r/ and a dental and by analogy.^(EWN)^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(WNT) Franck and Van Wijk derived it instead from the second and third person singular, an explanation Van Haeringen found unconvincing.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Van Haeringen 1936) The forms ⟨worden⟩, ⟨werd⟩ and ⟨geworden⟩ became fixed in the standard language from the 18th century.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The verb is recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, in ''that … gebulgan uuerthe Got'' “that God becomes angry” and ''Feita sulun uuerthun sconitha uuostinnon'' “the beauties of the wilderness shall grow rich”.^(EWN) In the first half of the 11th century ''Crist uuarth giuund'' “Christ was wounded” already shows it with a past participle.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Old Dutch the verb meant to happen, to come into being and to fall to someone's lot, and as a link verb to become; with a participle it sometimes rendered a Latin passive.^(ONW) Middle Dutch kept these senses and added “to begin to” with ''te'', a use still found in the southern dialects.^(VMNW)^(MNW) The 1526 Bible renders “Let there be light” as ''Het worde licht'', with ''het'' where modern Dutch has ''er''.^(WNT)

+

+ In modern Dutch the verb is above all a link verb and the auxiliary of the passive.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) Dutch carried it overseas: Afrikaans has ''word'', Negerhollands ''word'', Sranan ''worde'' “to arise, result”, and Papiamentu borrowed ''wòrdu'' as a passive auxiliary.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) In Petjo ''worden'' also means to have one's turn in a game.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – The verb appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1001–1050 – ''Crist uuarth giuund'' “Christ was wounded” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * c. 1100 – The Willeram uses it for “to arise, come into being”.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1200 – Middle Dutch ''werden'' is recorded in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * Late 13th century – The form ''worden'' appears beside ''werden''.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|445)

+ * 1526 – ''Het worde licht'' renders “Let there be light”.^(WNT)

+ * c. 1570 – ''Worden'' begins to replace ''werden'' in Holland.^(WNT)

+ * 1793 – Marin calls the infinitive ''werden'' a mistake.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|become]], to get, to turn: a link verb: ''Het wordt al vroeg donker.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(ANW)

+ # Forming the [[m|en|passive voice]] with a past participle: ''De pakketten worden morgen bezorgd.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with er)'' To come into being, to arise.^(ONW)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[wording]]

+ * [[geworden]]

+ * [[verworden]]

+ * [[gewaarworden]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[worst]]

+ * [[worstelen]]

+ * [[wartel]]

+ * [[de|werden]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}