hoe Dutch · revision 37097

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *kʷos}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɦu/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hoe'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|hoe]], [[inh|odt|huo]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hwō]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|165) The same word is [[osx|hwō]], [[goh|wuo]], [[ofs|hū]] and [[ang|hū]] (modern [[en|how]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) It was probably an instrumental case of the interrogative stem [[gem-pro|*hwaz|alt=*hwa-]], which goes back to [[ine-pro|*kʷos|alt=*kʷo-]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Wiktionary) The matching instrumental [[ine-pro|*kʷoh₁]] is also behind [[grc|πῶς|tr=pôs|t=how]] and [[ae|kā|t=how]], and perhaps [[la|quō|t=whither]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

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+ Forms with other vowels stand beside it.^(EWN) [[osx|hwī]], [[ang|hwī]] (modern [[en|why]]) and [[non|hví|t=how, why]] go back to [[gem-pro|*hwī]], and [[goh|hwē]] (modern [[de|wie]]) and [[got|𐍈𐌴|tr=ƕē]] to [[gem-pro|*hwē]]; these continue the instrumentals [[ine-pro|*kʷeh₁]] and [[ine-pro|*kʷih₁]], the latter also seen in [[la|quī]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

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+ At the start of a word Proto-Germanic /hw-/ lost its /w/ in Dutch before rounded vowels and its /h/ before unrounded ones, which is why ⟨hoe⟩ begins with ⟨h⟩ while [[wie]], [[wat]] and [[waar#3]] begin with ⟨w⟩.^(EWN) East Middle Dutch had [[m|dum|woe]], matching Middle Low German ⟨wō⟩; it spread in Gelderland charters from the later 14th century, and Van Haeringen holds that it is not just a blend of ⟨hoe⟩ and the German form.^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971) Middle Dutch also used [[m|dum|wie|t=how]], which corresponds to Old High German ⟨hwio⟩.^(Van Haeringen 1936)^(De Vries 1971)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The adverb is first recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, introducing a direct question: ''Huo gedana uurthun an te stornussi'' “how they have been brought to ruin”.^(ONW)^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''hoe'' is recorded in Ghent in 1236.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Old Dutch the word introduced direct and indirect questions about manner.^(ONW) Middle Dutch widened it to “why”, “of what kind” and, with ''heten'', “by what name”, and used it in exclamations; a doubled ''hoe … hoe'' could ask “why on earth”.^(VMNW) It could also ask a price, as in ''hoe gheefdine mi?'' “for how much will you sell it to me?” (1400), and in indirect questions it was often followed by ''dat'', as it still is in speech.^(MNW)^(WNT)

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+ Later Dutch strengthened it with words such as ''drommel'' and formed ''hoe dan ook'' “in any case”.^(WNT) With a comparative, ''hoe … hoe'' means “the … the”.^(Wiktionary)^(Van Dale 2014) The word lives on in Negerhollands ''hoe'' and ''ho'' and in Berbice Dutch ''ho'', and Skepi Dutch made ''hosmetju'' “how are you” of it.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – ''Huo'' is recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''hoe'' appears in Ghent.^(VMNW)^(EWN)

+ * 1254 – The strengthened ''al hoe'' is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1285 – A West Flemish text uses ''hoe'' for “why”.^(VMNW)

+ * 1400 – ''Hoe'' asks a price: ''hoe gheefdine mi?''^(MNW)

+ * 1858 – ''Hoe dan ook'' “in whatever way” is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # In what way, [[m|en|how]]: ''Hoe open je dit blik?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(ANW)

+ # For what reason, on what grounds: ''Hoe kan hij dat nu weten?''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Of what kind, what like: ''Hoe was het weer in Spanje?''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To what [[m|en|degree]]: ''Hoe oud is je zus?''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Strengthening an [[m|en|exclamation]]: ''Hoe kon je dat vergeten!''^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # ''hoe … hoe'' the … the, with comparatives: ''Hoe langer je wacht, hoe duurder het wordt.''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(het hoe)'' The way something happens, the [[m|en|manner]].^(Van Dale 2014)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hoedanig]]

+ * [[hoeveel]]

+ * [[hoever]]

+ * [[hoewel]]

+ * [[hoezeer]]

+ * [[hoelang]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[wie]]

+ * [[wat]]

+ * [[waar#3]]

+ * [[en|how]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In Amsterdam Jewish Dutch ''hoe'', usually with a negation, could mean “why”.^(Van de Kamp 2006) In Surinamese Dutch it is also used for “as, like”.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}