waar Dutch · revision 37094

+ {{homograph|1|ware, goods}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=1285, Middle Dutch (Rijmbijbel)|origins=gem-pro *warō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʋaːr/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''waar''' ''f'' (plural waren, no diminutive)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The word for goods is [[inh|dum|ware]], [[inh|gem-pro|*warō]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[gml|ware]] (whence Middle High German ⟨ware⟩ and modern [[de|Ware]]), [[ofs|ware]] (modern [[fy|waar]]), [[ang|waru]] (modern [[en|ware]]) and [[non|vara]], all meaning merchandise.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ Its origin is uncertain.^(EWN) It is usually taken to be the same word as Proto-Germanic ⟨*warō-⟩ “attention, care, protection” (see [[waarnemen]]), with a transition through “things one takes care of”; this is the view of Franck and Van Wijk, Vercoullie and others.^(EWN)^(WNT) Pfeifer and Kluge instead derive it, with a different ablaut grade, from [[ine-pro|*wes-|t=to sell]], which with a suffix ⟨*-no-⟩ gave [[la|vēnus|t=sale]] and is also behind [[venten]].^(EWN) De Vries, following Trier, linked it with a root “to fence in”, through the enclosed meeting place of the community; the WNT finds that development doubtful.^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT) De Vries rejected Wadstein's derivation from a word for wool or sheep.^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The noun is first recorded in 1285, in the Rijmbijbel: ''Ende saghen copmanne comen ghevaren, met kemelen ende met diere waren'' “and saw merchants come riding with camels and costly wares”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 14th century the word could also mean valuable property in general: a chronicle of 1328–1350 tells how a village was burnt and robbed ''van menighen goede ende ware''.^(EWN) The WNT records it from 1503 for costly goods and then mainly for goods meant for trade.^(WNT) The proverb ''alle waar is naar zijn geld'' says that cheap goods cannot be as sound as dear ones.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ''Warenhuis'' “department store”, a loan translation of German ''Warenhaus'', is recorded in 1904 for the store of Cohn-Donnay in Rotterdam.^(EWN) From 1911 Dutch market gardeners also used it for their large glasshouses.^(EWN) Van der Sijs counts Danish ''vare'' and Swedish ''vara'' among words that may come from Dutch or Low German.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1285 – ''Ware'' “merchandise” is recorded in the Rijmbijbel.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(VMNW)

+ * 1328–1350 – A rhymed chronicle uses ''ware'' for valuable property.^(EWN)

+ * 1503 – Costly cloth on an altar is described as ''costelijker ware''.^(WNT)

+ * 1904 – ''Warenhuis'' names a department store in Rotterdam.^(EWN)

+ * 1911 – ''Warenhuis'' is used for a large glasshouse.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Goods for sale, [[m|en|merchandise]]: ''De visboer prees luid zijn waar aan.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(ANW)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[koopwaar]]

+ * [[handelswaar]]

+ * [[eetwaar]]

+ * [[smokkelwaar]]

+ * [[warenhuis]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|true}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1151–1200, Old Dutch (Rhineland Rhyming Bible)|origins=ine-pro *weh₁ros}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʋaːr/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''waar''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The adjective meaning “true” is [[inh|dum|waer]], [[inh|odt|wār]], [[inh|gem-pro|*wēraz|alt=*wēra-]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|wār]], [[goh|wār]] (modern [[de|wahr]]), [[ofs|wēr]] (modern [[fy|wier]]) and [[ang|wǣr]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ It is related to [[la|vērus|t=true]], the source of [[fr|vrai]] and of Dutch [[fraai]], and to [[sga|fír]] and [[cy|gwir]], both “true”; all go back to [[ine-pro|*weh₁ros]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Its further origin is uncertain: the EWN considers a link with Proto-Germanic ⟨*wara-⟩ “attentive”, as in [[waarnemen]].^(EWN) De Vries placed it under a root meaning “friendliness”, and Trier tied that root to one meaning “to fence in”, a development the WNT finds questionable.^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT) Franck and Van Wijk mention a derivation from ⟨*wes-ro-⟩ “being, existing” but think it very uncertain.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The adjective first appears in its derivative ''wārheit'' in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN) As a separate word it is found in the Rhineland Rhyming Bible of 1151–1200, in ''want er in waren mennischen gesach'' “for he saw in him a sincere man”.^(EWN) Middle Dutch has ''dat mote war sin amen'' “may this be true, amen” in 1236.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Early on the word meant both “sincere, trustworthy” and “in accordance with the facts”.^(EWN) Middle Dutch also used it as a noun, ''waer'' “truth”, glossing Latin ''verum'' in 1240, and in ''over waer houden'' “to take for true”.^(VMNW) The WNT records the modern senses from the 16th century, with religious uses such as ''de ware leer'' “the true doctrine”, and with a philosophical sense, “valid”, from 1799.^(WNT) Besides “true” it means “real, genuine”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ Negerhollands has ''waar'' and Berbice Dutch ''waru'' “true”, and South African English has ''ware'' “genuine”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – The derivative ''wārheit'' “truth” appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)

+ * 1151–1200 – The adjective is recorded in the Rhineland Rhyming Bible.^(EWN)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''war'' is recorded.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – ''War'' glosses Latin ''verus'' in Limburg.^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1516 – ''Tschijnt somtijts gheloghen dat nochtans waer es'' “something sometimes seems a lie that is true all the same”.^(WNT)

+ * 1595 – ''Die ware Euangelissche leere'' “the true doctrine of the Gospel” is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|true]], in accordance with the facts: ''Wat hij over zijn reis vertelde, was niet waar.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(ANW)

+ # Real, [[m|en|genuine]]: ''Zij bleek een ware vriendin.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[waarheid]]

+ * [[waarachtig]]

+ * [[onwaar]]

+ * [[waarmaken]]

+ * [[waarschijnlijk]]

+ * [[weliswaar]]

+ * [[waarzeggen]]

+

+ {{homograph|3|where}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Willeram)|origins=ine-pro *kʷos}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʋaːr/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''waar'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The adverb meaning “where” is [[inh|dum|waer]], [[inh|odt|wār]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hwār]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hwar]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|hwār]], [[goh|hwār]] (modern [[de|wo]]), [[ofs|hwēr]] (modern [[fy|wêr]]) and [[ang|hwǣr]] (modern [[en|where]]), and with a short vowel [[non|hvar]] and [[got|𐍈𐌰𐍂|tr=ƕar]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ The EWN traces the West Germanic long vowel to ⟨*hwēr⟩ beside ⟨*hwar⟩;^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen holds that it arose instead by lengthening in a word of one syllable.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) The word was formed with a locative ⟨-r⟩ on the interrogative stem [[ine-pro|*kʷos|alt=*kʷo-]], like [[hier]] and [[daar]] on other stems; see [[hoe]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) Other formations with ⟨-r⟩ are [[la|cūr|t=why]] (Old Latin ⟨quōr⟩), [[sa|कर्हि|tr=kárhi|t=when]], [[lt|kur|t=where]] and [[sq|kur|t=when]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The adverb is first recorded around 1100 in the Willeram, in ''Sage mir, … war thu rowes umbe middendach'' “tell me where you rest at midday”.^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''waer'' appears in Ghent in 1237.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used ''waer'' for “where”, and also for “where to” from 1240.^(EWN) In rhetorical questions it lamented what was lost, as in 1265–1270 ''wars mi mine cracht van wilen eer'' “where is my former strength?” and in ''waar is de tijd'' “gone are the days”.^(EWN)^(WNT) Combined with prepositions it forms the many pronominal adverbs such as ''waarom'', ''waarmee'' and ''waarvan'', in which it stands for ''wat''.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) As a conjunction it means “whereas”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ Afrikaans has ''waar'', Negerhollands ''waar'' and ''wa'', and Skepi Dutch ''war''.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – ''War'' “where” is recorded in the Willeram.^(EWN)

+ * 1237 – Middle Dutch ''waer'' appears in Ghent.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1240 – ''Waer'' is used for “where to”.^(EWN)

+ * 1526 – ''Waer is v broeder Habel?'' “Where is Abel your brother?” in a Bible translation.^(WNT)

+ * 1548 – ''Waer es den tijd'' laments days gone by.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # In what place, [[m|en|where]]: ''Waar heb je je fiets gezet?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Introducing a [[m|en|relative clause]] of place: ''Dit is het dorp waar mijn moeder opgroeide.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In pronominal adverbs, standing for ''wat'': ''Waar denk je aan?''^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(informal)'' Standing for ''wie'' in relative clauses: ''de vrouw waar ik mee werk''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # [[m|en|whereas]], while: ''Waar zij graag reist, blijft hij liever thuis.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[waarom]]

+ * [[waarheen]]

+ * [[waardoor]]

+ * [[waarin]]

+ * [[waarvan]]

+ * [[waarop]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[waarnemen]]

+ * [[fraai]]

+ * [[venten]]

+ * [[hoe]]

+ * [[hier]]

+ * [[daar]]

+ * [[en|ware]]

+ * [[en|where]]

+ * [[de|wahr]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In Surinamese Dutch ''waar van'' asks for a place within something, such as a spot in a street.^(Van Donselaar 1989)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}