komen Dutch · revision 37092

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *gʷem-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈkoːmə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''komen''' (past tense ''kwam'', plural ''kwamen''; past participle ''gekomen'', with ''zijn'')^(Van Donselaar 1989)^(WNT)

+ Middle Dutch often wrote ''commen'', and ''kommen'' stayed in common use until the long vowel won out in the forms of more than one syllable, from about the second half of the 17th century.^(WNT)^(MNW)

+ Flemish had a past tense without /w/, ''cam'', ''camen'', already in the Middle Ages.^(MNW)^(WNT) West Flemish ''kam'' and ''kamen'' were still recorded in the 19th century.^(WNT)

+ A past participle ''komen'' without ''ge-'' survives in Groningen, the Zaan region and parts of the south.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|comen]], [[inh|odt|kuman]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*kweman]], [[inh|gem-pro|*kwemaną]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|kuman]], [[goh|queman]] and [[m|goh|koman]] (modern [[de|kommen]]), [[ofs|kuma]] and [[m|ofs|koma]], [[ang|cuman]] (modern English ⟨come⟩), [[non|koma]] and [[got|𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽|tr=qiman]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The sequence ⟨kwe-⟩ regularly gave ⟨ko-⟩ in the separate Germanic dialects, as in Old Dutch [[m|odt|quena|t=woman]] beside Middle Dutch [[m|dum|kone]] and Old Norse [[m|non|kona]].^(EWN) Kroonen accordingly sets up a stem with alternating forms, ⟨*kweman-⟩ beside ⟨*kuman-⟩.^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The verb goes back to [[ine-pro|*gʷem-|t=to come]].^(EWN) It is related to [[la|veniō|t=I come]], [[grc|βαίνω|tr=baínō|t=I go]], [[sa|गच्छति|tr=gácchati|t=goes]], [[lt|gimti|alt=gim̃ti]] and [[xto|käm-]], all with senses such as “to come, to go”.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|204)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) De Vries and Franck–Van Wijk put a synonymous root [[ine-pro|*gʷā-]] beside it, seen in [[m|grc|ἔβην|tr=ébēn|t=I went]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The verb first appears in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms: ''te thi alla fleisc cuman sal'' “to you all flesh shall come”, and ''ic quam an diopi seuues'' “I came into the depth of the sea”.^(EWN)^(ONW) Already in Old Dutch it meant to arrive at a point, seen from that point, and was used with [[m|odt|samon]] for coming together.^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Dutch already used the verb in phrases such as ''te niewihte kumon'' “to come to nothing, to vanish”.^(ONW) From Middle Dutch onward it took on its many uses with a person or a thing as subject: to reach a place or goal, to arrive at a state, to happen or result from something.^(MNW)^(WNT) Middle Dutch also used the infinitive as a noun, ''dat comen'', “the coming, arrival”, from 1265.^(VMNW) The noun [[komst]] goes back to Old Dutch ''cuomst'' (c. 1100), formed with a suffix ⟨*-ti-⟩ and an inserted /s/.^(EWN)

+

+ The proverb ''Die eerst komt, die eerst maalt'' “first come, first served” comes from the manorial mill, where whoever brought his grain first was served first; it is known since the Middle Ages.^(Stoett 1923)^(WNT) ''Ik kwam, zag en overwon'' renders Caesar's ''veni, vidi, vici''.^(Van der Sijs 2005)

+

+ By the 1980s ''komen'' had taken the sense “to reach orgasm”, a clipping of [[klaarkomen]] under the influence of English [[m|en|come]].^(De Coster 1999)^(Van Dale 2014) In Belgium the verb is also used as a copula, “to become”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The verb lives on in the Dutch-based creoles: Negerhollands ''kom'', Berbice Dutch ''kumu'', Skepi Dutch ''kum'', and Javindo ''kom'' “to go to someone”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary) Sranan Tongo ''kon'' comes from Dutch or English.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''cuman'' is recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1100 – The noun ''cuomst'' “coming” appears in the Willeram.^(EWN)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''comst'' “coming” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1240 – The Middle Dutch verb ''comen'' is first recorded, in Limburg sermons.^(EWN)

+ * 1265 – The infinitive is used as a noun, ''dat comen'' “the coming”.^(VMNW)

+ * 1572 – A weak past ''compde'' appears once, which the WNT puts down to poor Dutch.^(WNT)

+ * 1987 – ''komen'' “to have an orgasm” is recorded in a magazine.^(De Coster 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To come, to [[m|en|arrive]] at a place, point or position: ''Wanneer kom je bij ons eten?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To get into a state or situation, often by chance: ''Hoe ben je aan dat geld gekomen?''^(Van Dale 2014) ''daar kan ik in komen'': I can understand that.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To appear, to [[m|en|approach]]: ''Het onweer komt deze kant op.''^(Van Dale 2014) ''komend jaar'': next year.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To happen, to result from: ''Dat komt door de regen.''^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Belgium)'' To become.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(informal)'' To reach [[m|en|orgasm]], short for [[klaarkomen]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(De Coster 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[komst]]

+ * [[toekomst]]

+ * [[herkomst]]

+ * [[aankomen]]

+ * [[afkomen]]

+ * [[bekomen]]

+ * [[bijkomen]]

+ * [[binnenkomen]]

+ * [[inkomen]]

+ * [[klaarkomen]]

+ * [[omkomen]]

+ * [[ontkomen]]

+ * [[opkomen]]

+ * [[overeenkomen]]

+ * [[uitkomen]]

+ * [[voorkomen]]

+ * [[volkomen]]

+ * [[laatkomer]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[bekwaam]]

+ * [[en|come]]

+ * [[de|kommen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In Surinamese Dutch ''het gaat voor je komen'' means that something unpleasant awaits someone.^(Van Donselaar 1989) Belgian Dutch knows ''iemand zien komen'', to cheat someone, especially to overcharge them.^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}