om Dutch · revision 37091

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *h₂m-bʰi}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɔm/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''om'''^(Wiktionary)

+ The older form ''omme'' survives in compounds such as ''ommezijde'', ''ommezwaai'' and ''in een ommezien''.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|ombe]], [[inh|odt|umbi]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*umbi]], [[inh|gem-pro|*umbi]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The Middle Dutch form became ⟨omme⟩ by assimilation and was then shortened to ⟨om⟩, a loss of /b/ after /m/ also seen in [[dom]] and [[krom]].^(WNT)^(EWN) The same word is [[osx|umbi]], [[goh|umbi]] (modern [[de|um]]), [[ofs|umbe]] (modern West Frisian [[m|fy|om]]), [[ang|ymbe]] and [[non|umb]] (modern Swedish [[m|sv|om]]), all meaning “around”.^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013) Gothic has no such word.^(WNT)

+

+ The EWN traces it to [[ine-pro|*h₂m-bʰi]], the source of [[la|amb-]], [[grc|ἀμφί|tr=amphí|t=on both sides, around]], [[sa|अभि|tr=abhí]], [[sga|imb-|t=around]], [[xtg|ambi-]] and [[sq|mbi|t=on, to]].^(EWN) The Greek word is the first part of [[amfibie]].^(EWN) Franck and Van Wijk thought Sanskrit [[m|sa|अभि|tr=abhí|t=near]] continues rather [[ine-pro|*obʰi]], and that this form and the one with ⟨*m̥-⟩ fell together.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Kroonen reconstructs [[ine-pro|*h₂n̥t-bʰi]], a petrified instrumental of a root noun for “face, front”.^(Kroonen 2013) A link with [[bij]] is uncertain.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century have ''umbeuuath'' “why”, literally “around what”.^(EWN)^(ONW) In the Willeram (about 1100) ''umbe middendach'' means “around noon”, and the Reimbibel (1151–1200) uses ''umbe einen lutzel scaz'' “for a little money”.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Most uses of the preposition are found by the 13th century or earlier: it expresses nearness in space or time, introduces a motive, cause or explanation, names a goal (asking ''om'' something) and once expressed an exchange, as in Middle Dutch ''.xxv. d omme wijn'' “25 pence for the wine” (1284).^(EWN) The sense of exchange is now obsolete.^(EWN) The use with ''te'' and an infinitive, “in order to”, introduces a short clause.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ As an adverb ''om'' means around, but also “over, past”, as in ''de tijd is om'', and turned upside down, as in [[omvallen]].^(Winschoten 1681)^(Van Dale 2014) In exclamations such as ''om godswil'' it first meant “for the love of God, to please God”; the Flemish ''om de liefde Gods'' renders French ''pour l'amour de Dieu''.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001)

+

+ The WNT showed that ''om'' in ''om het leven brengen'' and in [[omkomen]] and ''ombrengen'' is a separate word in origin.^(WNT) It continues Middle Dutch [[m|dum|ane|t=without]], whose by-form ''oon'' was common in the 16th century and was later taken for ''om''.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – ''umbeuuath'' “why” is recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms, with verbs such as ''umbigan'' “to go round”.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1100 – ''umbe middendach'' “around noon” appears in the Willeram.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1210–1240 – Middle Dutch ''ombe'' is recorded.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|268)

+ * 1237 – The preposition is recorded in Ghent.^(VMNW)

+ * 1264 – The shortened forms ''omme'' and ''om'' are recorded.^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|268)

+ * 1284 – ''omme'' expresses an exchange: 25 pence for the wine.^(EWN)

+ * 1287 – ''om'' is first recorded as an adverb of place.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # [[m|en|around]], about, in a circle round something: ''We zaten om het kampvuur.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # At a point in time: ''De film begint om negen uur.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) ''om en bij'': roughly, about.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Every other, after each: ''Hij komt om de week.''^(Van Dale 2014) ''om de beurt'': taking turns.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # In [[m|en|exchange]] for.^(Van Dale 2014)^(EWN)

+ # For the sake of, because of: ''om godswil''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Van Sterkenburg 2001)

+ # For, naming something wanted or a goal: ''Ze vroeg om hulp.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(EWN)

+ # With ''te'' and an infinitive: in order to: ''Hij spaart om een auto te kopen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Around, by a longer way: ''Langs de dijk is het een stuk om.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Over, past: ''De vakantie is om.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Turned the other way, also in mind: convinced: ''Na dat gesprek was hij om.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[daarom]]

+ * [[omdat]]

+ * [[omheen]]

+ * [[omtrek]]

+ * [[waarom]]

+ * [[achterom]]

+ * [[andersom]]

+ * [[linksom]]

+ * [[omweg]]

+ * [[rechtsom]]

+ * [[ommetje]]

+ * [[omgeving]]

+ * [[omvallen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[om-]]

+ * [[amfibie]]

+ * [[de|um]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Hem om hebben'' “to be drunk” may be short for ''de staart om hebben'', like a cow that swings its tail round its body when it is angry.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}