mijn Dutch · revision 37088

+ {{homograph|1|my}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *h₁mei}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /mɛi̯n/, /mən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''mijn''' (dependent possessive, independent possessive mijne, contracted form m'n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The possessive “my” is [[inh|dum|mijn]], [[inh|odt|mīn]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*mīn]], [[inh|gem-pro|*mīnaz|alt=*mīna-]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) It was originally the genitive singular of the personal pronoun of the first person, whose other forms include [[mij]].^(EWN)^(ONW) The same word is [[osx|mīn]], [[goh|mīn]] (modern [[de|mein]]), [[ofs|mīn]] (modern West Frisian [[m|fy|myn]]), [[ang|mīn]] (modern English ⟨mine⟩ and ⟨my⟩), [[non|minn|alt=mínn]] (modern Swedish [[m|sv|min]]) and [[got|𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃|tr=meins]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The EWN traces it to [[ine-pro|*h₁mei]], with a genitive ⟨*h₁méne⟩, and compares [[la|ego|alt=meī|t=of me]], [[sa|मम|tr=máma]], [[lt|manęs|alt=manę̃s]], [[cu|мене|tr=mene]] and [[hit|ammēl]], though the exact formal relations are not always clear.^(EWN) The older handbooks explain the Germanic form as built with the suffix ⟨*-no-⟩ on ⟨*mei⟩, a case form of the stem ⟨*me-⟩, which also gave [[m|la|meus]].^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|248)^(De Vries 1971) [[dijn]] and [[zijn]] are formed in the same way.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|248)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The possessive is first recorded in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms, in ''lif min'' “my life”, where it always follows its noun.^(EWN)^(ONW) By the Willeram of about 1100 it also stood before the noun: ''Ich bekenno mine unkraft'' “I confess my weakness”.^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch the possessive was declined like an adjective, as in ''mine dragme die verloren was'' “my drachma that was lost” (1291).^(VMNW) Modern Dutch uses the uninflected form before nouns, the independent ''de mijne'', ''het mijne'' “mine”, and the spoken reduced form ''m’n''.^(Wiktionary) Old genitives survive in fixed phrases such as ''mijns inziens'' “in my opinion”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ The pronoun spread with Dutch: Afrikaans has ''my'', Negerhollands ''mi'', and Chinese Malay ''mèyn''.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – ''min'' is recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1100 – The Willeram puts it before the noun: ''mine unkraft''.^(ONW)

+ * 1200 – Middle Dutch ''mijn'' is recorded in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – A Limburg glossary renders Latin ''meus'' with ''min''.^(VMNW)

+ * 1267 – ''mijn'' appears in a charter.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Determiner===

+ # [[m|en|my]]: belonging to the speaker: ''Dat is mijn fiets.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) ''het mijn en dijn'': what is mine and what is someone else's.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(de mijne, het mijne)'' Mine: ''Jouw auto is sneller dan de mijne.''^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Mijn God!'': an exclamation of fright, surprise or indignation.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[mijnheer]]

+ * [[mijnent]]

+ * [[mijnentwege]]

+ * [[mijnerzijds]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|mine (excavation)}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=mid-14th century, Middle Dutch|origins=cel-pro *mēni-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /mɛi̯n/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''mijn''' ''f'' (plural mijnen, diminutive mijntje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The noun for a mine is [[inh|dum|mine|t=ore, metal]], [[bor|fro|mine]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(De Vries 1971) The verb [[m|dum|mineren|t=to dig a tunnel]] came first, in 1285, from [[fro|miner]].^(EWN) The French noun comes from [[xtg|*mīna]] or ⟨*meina⟩ “raw ore”; [[la-med|minō]] is based on the Gaulish word too.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Related words are [[sga|méin|t=ore, metal]] and [[cy|mwyn|t=ore, mine]], from [[cel-pro|*mēni-|t=mineral, metal]].^(EWN) The WNT, in 1906, still called the origin of the French verb unknown.^(WNT)

+

+ The sense “tunnel or hole filled with explosives” was borrowed again from French.^(EWN) The sense “sea mine, land mine” comes from the English noun [[m|en|mine]], itself from French, where it had developed through “a charge of explosive in such a hole”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle Dutch ''mine'' first meant ore or metal, as in ''zilver ofte loot ofte ander mine'' “silver or lead or other ore” in the mid-14th century.^(EWN)^(MNW) Van der Sijs dates the sense “place where ore or coal is dug” to 1376–1400.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 16th century ''mijne'' meant both an ore pit and an underground tunnel (1567).^(EWN) The sense “ore” went out of use after the early modern period.^(EWN)^(WNT) In siege warfare a ''mijn'' was a tunnel dug under the enemy's works and filled with powder (1625), then the charge itself (1687).^(EWN) From this came [[ondermijnen]], first “to dig under” (1625), then “to undermine” (1776).^(EWN)

+

+ Later it was used figuratively for a rich source (1866) and for a mining company.^(WNT)^(Van Dale 2014) The naval mine appears in Dutch in 1906, the land mine in 1950.^(EWN) Swedish ''min'' comes from the Dutch noun, and Makassarese ''meng'' “sea mine” too.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1285 – The verb ''mineren'' “to dig a tunnel” is recorded.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * mid-14th century – Middle Dutch ''mine'' “ore” is recorded.^(EWN)^(MNW)

+ * 1376–1400 – ''mine'' “place where ore is dug” is recorded.^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1567 – ''mijne'' “ore pit, tunnel” appears in a nomenclator.^(EWN)

+ * 1625 – ''mijn'' “tunnel for explosives” and ''ondermijnen'' are recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1687 – ''de mijnen laten springen'': ''mijn'' now means the explosive charge.^(EWN)

+ * 1906 – ''mijn'' “sea mine” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1950 – ''mijn'' “land mine” is recorded in Van Dale.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|mine]]: a place where ore, coal or other minerals are dug: ''Zijn grootvader werkte in de mijn.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A mining company.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+ # ''(military)'' A device filled with explosives that goes off on contact, such as a land or sea mine.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) ''mijnen vegen'': to clear sea mines.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(military, historical)'' A tunnel dug under enemy works and filled with explosives.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(entomology)'' A tunnel eaten by an insect [[m|en|larva]] inside a leaf.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[goudmijn]]

+ * [[kolenmijn]]

+ * [[landmijn]]

+ * [[zeemijn]]

+ * [[mijnbouw]]

+ * [[mijnenveld]]

+ * [[mijnwerker]]

+ * [[mijnen]]

+ * [[ondermijnen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[mineren]]

+ * [[mij]]

+ * [[dijn]]

+ * [[de|mein]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A third ''mijn'', southern and now historical, is a public sale by [[m|en|Dutch auction]], especially of fish, and the place where it was held.^(WNT)^(Wiktionary) It comes from the verb ''mijnen'', to call out “mine!”, that is, to buy at a Dutch auction.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT) Van der Sijs dates it to 1390–1407.^(Van der Sijs 2001) It lives on in French dialect ''minque'', the fish market in Belgium.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(WNT) In East Flemish ''mijn'' also means a pit for storing fodder.^(Debrabandere 2005)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}