ook Dutch · revision 37087

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *auk}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /oːk/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ook'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Many dialects have ''ok'', with the vowel shortened in unstressed use.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|ooc]], [[inh|odt|ōk]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*auk]], [[inh|gem-pro|*auk]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|ōk]], [[goh|ouh]] (modern [[de|auch]]), [[ofs|āk]], [[ang|ēac]] (modern [[en|eke]]), [[non|auk]] (modern [[sv|och|t=and]]) and [[got|𐌰𐌿𐌺|tr=auk|t=for]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) In most of these languages it means both “also” and “and”.^(EWN)

+

+ Its further origin is disputed.^(EWN)^(WNT) The EWN and Kroonen take it as a combination of particles, [[ine-pro|*h₂eu-ǵe]], comparing [[grc|αὖγε|tr=aûge|t=again]]: the first part is also in [[la|aut|t=or]] and [[m|grc|αὖ|tr=aû|t=on the other hand]], the second in [[m|grc|γε|tr=ge|t=at least]] and in the ⟨-k⟩ of [[m|got|𐌼𐌹𐌺|tr=mik|t=me]] and [[m|got|𐌸𐌿𐌺|tr=þuk|t=you]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) An older view, which the WNT calls the usual one, connects it with the verb [[m|got|𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽|tr=aukan|t=to increase]] and [[non|auka]], and so with [[la|augeō|t=to increase]] and Dutch [[wassen]] “to grow”.^(EWN)^(WNT)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) De Vries thought there might be separate sources for “also” and for “for, but”, the first from the verb meaning “increase” and the second matching the Greek particle.^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|272)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The oldest record is in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, where it is written ''hoc'' with an added ''h-'', glossing Latin ''quoque''.^(EWN)^(ONW) In 1001–1050 ''gi ok gisund'' “(may) you too (be) healthy” is recorded.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Dutch used the word for “also, moreover”, “likewise” and “accordingly”, and ''ne ōk'' rendered Latin ''nec'' “nor”.^(ONW) In Middle Dutch it could also mean “even”, “however” and “certainly”.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971)^(VMNW)

+

+ The WNT records ''niet alleen …, maar ook'' “not only …, but also” from 1688.^(WNT) In modern Dutch the word also follows the question words in concessive clauses, “-ever”, and serves as an emphatic particle in wishes and exclamations.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary) It lives on in Afrikaans ''ook'', Negerhollands ''ook'', Berbice Dutch ''oko'' and Sranan ''owktu''.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – ''Hoc'' is recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1001–1050 – ''Gi ok gisund'' is recorded.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – The Willeram has the High German form ''ouch''.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * 1200 – Middle Dutch ''ooc'' is recorded in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1580 – ''Oock'' “moreover” is used in a text.^(WNT)

+ * 1688 – ''Niet alleen …, maer oock'' is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Moreover, [[m|en|besides]].^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Likewise, [[m|en|too]]: ''Mijn buurvrouw gaat ook mee.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With a negation, [[m|en|either]]: ''Ik snap het ook niet.''^(Wiktionary)

+ # Even.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # In concessive clauses, ''-ever'': ''Wie er ook belt, ik ben niet thuis.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Accordingly, as might be expected, often in ''dan ook''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Perhaps, by any chance, in questions: ''Heb jij ook mijn bril gezien?''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Strengthening a wish or an exclamation: ''Wat ben je ook een sufferd!''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[alsook]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[de|auch]]

+ * [[en|eke]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}