jij Dutch · revision 37086

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=1550, Joos Lambrecht's Nederlandsche spellijnghe|origins=ine-pro *yúHs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /jɛi̯/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jij'''^(Wiktionary)

+ The unstressed form is ''je''.^(WNT)^(EWN) The object form is ''jou'' and the possessive ''jouw''.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the Hollandic form of the pronoun that became [[gij]] in most of the Dutch-speaking area: [[inh|dum|ji]], a northern form beside [[m|dum|gi]], [[inh|odt|gī|t=you (plural)]], [[inh|gem-pro|*jīz]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The older form was [[gem-pro|*jūz]], kept in [[got|𐌾𐌿𐍃|tr=jūs]]; in North and West Germanic the vowel was changed after [[gem-pro|*wīz|t=we]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)^(De Vries 1971) The same word is [[osx|gī]], [[goh|ir]] (modern [[de|ihr]]), [[ofs|jī]], [[ang|ġē|alt=gē]] (modern [[en|ye]]) and [[non|ér]].^(EWN)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The pronoun goes back to the nominative [[ine-pro|*yúHs|alt=*iuH|t=you (plural)]], which also gave [[sa|यूयम्|tr=yūyám]], [[lt|jūs]], [[cu|вы|tr=vy]] and [[sq|ju]];^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) [[la|vōs]] and [[grc|ὑμεῖς|tr=hūmeîs]] are built on another stem.^(EWN)

+

+ Initial /j/ became /ɣ/ only in some Franconian dialects, which gave ⟨gij⟩;^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Holland kept the /j/, and medieval scribes, following the southern standard, almost always wrote ⟨ghi⟩, so that the Hollandic form hardly reached paper.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) The unstressed ⟨je⟩ appears centuries before the stressed ⟨jij⟩, and how ⟨jij⟩ itself arose is unclear: the EWN suggests that it was formed beside ⟨je⟩ after the vowel of [[hij]], [[zij]], [[wij]] and [[mij]].^(EWN) A theory of Verdenius (1924) that enclitic ⟨je⟩ grew out of ⟨-di⟩ after a verb, as in ⟨hebdi⟩ “have you”, was answered by Muller (1926) and given up by Verdenius himself; the EWN rejects it as very unlikely, though Van der Sijs still argued for it in 2004.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The oldest record of the stressed form is in a spelling guide: in 1550 Joos Lambrecht noted that some people said ''iy'' or ''jy'' for ''ghy''.^(EWN) In literature it appears from the early 17th century in renderings of speech, as in Hooft's ''Iy de Bruygom'' (1617).^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) The unstressed ''je'' is older, in Middle Dutch ''Onrecht hebje'' “you are wrong” (1300–1350).^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The ancestor ''gi'' was a plural pronoun, set against the singular ''du''; as in Latin and French it came to be used as a polite form for one person, and by the 16th century ''du'' was largely gone.^(EWN) In 17th-century Holland texts ''je'' and ''jij'' were used for one person or several, regardless of rank, and alternated with ''gy''; in the course of the century they became the informal singular.^(EWN) The WNT (1914) describes ''jij'' in the north as the form for addressing children and servants and for talk among friends and equals.^(WNT)

+

+ Written Dutch kept ''gij'' as the norm long after; in the 19th century it gave way to familiar ''jij''/''je'' and polite ''u'', and the plural ''jullie'' became standard only in the 20th century.^(EWN) Until the early 20th century ''jij'' was felt to be colloquial and hardly written, and the Hollandic system of ''jij'', ''jou'' and ''jullie'' was fully standardised after the Second World War.^(Wiktionary) In Belgium ''gij'' and ''ge'' remain the normal forms in dialects and colloquial speech, now in competition with ''jij'' and ''u''.^(EWN)

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+ Dutch carried the pronoun overseas: Afrikaans has ''jy'', Negerhollands ''joe'' and ''ju'', Berbice Dutch ''ju'', and it reached Javanese and Chinese-Malay dialects as ''yè'' and ''yèi''.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 10th century – Old Dutch ''gi'' “you (plural)” is recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1300–1350 – The enclitic ''je'' appears in Middle Dutch ''hebje''.^(EWN)

+ * 1550 – Joos Lambrecht notes that some people say ''iy'' or ''jy'' instead of ''ghy''.^(EWN)

+ * 1617 – ''Jy'' appears in a play by Hooft.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1781 – ''Jy'' is still used as a plural, in ''Jy, vrienden''.^(WNT)

+ * 2004 – The New Bible Translation drops ''gij'', leaving ''jij'' and ''u'' as the forms of address in Netherlands writing.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|you]]: the informal second-person singular subject pronoun, the stressed form of ''je'': ''Heb jij mijn sleutels gezien?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(ANW)

+ # Used to call or address someone directly: ''Hé, jij daar!''^(WNT)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[jouen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gij]]

+ * [[jou]]

+ * [[jullie]]

+ * [[u]]

+ * [[en|ye]]

+ * [[de|ihr]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Before a term of abuse the object form is used: ''jou ezel!'' “you donkey!”.^(WNT) ''Jij hier?'' expresses surprise at meeting someone in an unexpected place.^(Van Dale 2014) The verb ''jijen en jouen'' means to address someone with ''jij'' and ''jou'' instead of ''u''.^(WNT)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}