dan Dutch · revision 37080

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=891, Old Dutch (gloss)|origins=ine-pro *to-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /dɑn/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dan'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|dan]], [[inh|odt|than]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*þan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*þan|t=then, at that time]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|than]], [[goh|danne]] (modern [[de|dann]] and [[m|de|denn]]), [[ofs|thenne]], [[ang|þonne|alt=ðonne]] (modern [[en|then]] and [[m|en|than]]), [[non|þá|t=then]] and [[got|𐌸𐌰𐌽|tr=þan|t=then, when]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ It is formed with a suffix ⟨-n⟩ from the pronominal stem [[ine-pro|*to-]], the source also of [[de]], [[die]] and [[dat]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971) Franck and Van Wijk argued that Gothic ⟨þan⟩ and its cognates had lost a final vowel, as [[m|got|𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃|tr=þanamais|t=further, still]] shows, and so do not match [[la|tum|t=then]];^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Vercoullie 1925)^(Wiktionary) Vercoullie and a proposal reported by Wiktionary do connect it with that word.^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Vercoullie 1925)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The adverb of time is the original use.^(EWN) How it came to be used after a comparative is unclear: this happened before the written record in all the West Germanic languages, and ⟨A is groter dan B⟩ was perhaps first “A is bigger, and then B”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is an Old Dutch gloss of 891, which renders Latin ''quid tunc'' “what then?” with ''uuat thanne''.^(ONW) The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century use ''than'' “then”, and about 1100 ''bezzera than'' “better than” shows the use after a comparative.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old Dutch ''than'' meant “then, at that moment” and also “therefore”.^(ONW) In Middle Dutch ''dan'' meant “then” and “in that case” by about 1201–1225, and followed comparatives by 1220.^(EWN) In the 16th and 17th centuries it was used of a moment in the future or a recurring one, and also of the past (“at that time”), a use the WNT in 1910 found only in the southern Netherlands.^(WNT) As a modal particle, as in ''Tot overmorgen dan!'' (1866), it invites the hearer to draw the conclusion from the context.^(EWN)^(WNT)

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+ Dutch passed the word to several languages: Sranan ''dan'' “then, and next”, Negerhollands ''dan'' and Berbice Dutch ''dana'' “then”; in Manado Malay and Petjo it became a particle that softens or urges, ''dan'', ''dang''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 891 – Old Dutch ''thanne'' glosses Latin ''tunc'' “then”.^(ONW)

+ * 901–1000 – ''Than'' “then” is recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Bezzera than'' “better than” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1201–1225 – Middle Dutch ''dan'' appears in ''Floris ende Blancefloer''.^(EWN)

+ * 1220 – ''Dan'' after a comparative is recorded in ''Aiol''.^(EWN)

+ * 1866 – The particle in ''Tot overmorgen dan!''^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|then]], at that time (in the future): ''Kom morgen langs, dan heb ik tijd.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Then, after that, next: ''Eerst eten we, dan gaan we wandelen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Then, in that case: ''Als het regent, dan blijven we thuis.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # As a modal [[m|en|particle]], drawing a conclusion or adding emphasis: ''Ga dan maar.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(EWN)

+ # Moreover, besides: ''En dan is er nog de huur.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # [[m|en|than]], after a comparative: ''Zij is twee jaar ouder dan haar broer.''^(Wiktionary)^(EWN)

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[nochtans]]

+ * [[de]]

+ * [[die]]

+ * [[dat]]

+ * [[en|then]]

+ * [[en|than]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Zo nu en dan'' means “now and then”.^(Van Dale 2014) In some varieties of Dutch, as in German, ''als'' replaces ''dan'' after a comparative.^(EWN) The noun ''de dan'', a grade of skill in judo and karate, is the international term from [[ja|段|tr=dan|t=grade, rank]], recorded in a Dutch newspaper in 1949 and in the dictionary from 1961.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}